1. Heat and Temperature Chapter 16 P. Sci. Unit 4 cont.

2. What is Temperature? Particles (atoms and molecules) within a substance are constantly moving (kinetic energy) Particles (atoms and molecules) within a substance are constantly moving (kinetic energy) Temperature is the Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy in an object

3. What is Temperature cont. As kinetic energy increases, temperature increases. As kinetic energy increases, temperature increases. Thermometers- expand as temperature increases and contracts as temperature decreases. Thermometers- expand as temperature increases and contracts as temperature decreases.

4. Measuring Temperature Units for temperature can be Celsius (centigrade) Celsius (centigrade) Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Kelvin Kelvin

5. Fahrenheit Freezing point: 32°F Freezing point: 32°F Boiling point: 212°F Boiling point: 212°F American scale – rarely used in science

6. Celsius Also known as Centigrade Also known as Centigrade Freezing point: 0°C Freezing point: 0°C Boiling point: 100°C Boiling point: 100°C 1°C= about 2°F 1°C= about 2°F

7. Kelvin SI unit to measure SI unit to measure temperature temperature 0 K is absolute zero= 0 K is absolute zero= -273.13 °C -273.13 °C Energy is minimal and Energy is minimal and cannot go any lower cannot go any lower Converting Celsius to Kelvin: Converting Celsius to Kelvin: –1K= 1 °C Kelvin= Celsius - 273 or K= T C - 273

8. Energy Transfer Temperature is energy transferred as heat Temperature is energy transferred as heat Energy must move for heat to occur. Energy must move for heat to occur.

9. Energy Transfer cont. Heat: transfer of energy between the particles of 2 objects due to temperature difference. Heat: transfer of energy between the particles of 2 objects due to temperature difference. Heat flows from high temperature (energy) to low temperature (energy) Heat flows from high temperature (energy) to low temperature (energy)

10. Examples of energy transfer Freezing water for ice Freezing water for ice Dew evaporating in morning sunlight Dew evaporating in morning sunlight Heating water for a shower Heating water for a shower

11. Types of Energy Transfer 1. Conduction: direct contact; 2 objects in contact are at unequal temperatures

12. 2. Convection: movement of warm fluids.  Movement of the heated substance (liquid or gas)  Convection Current: cycle of a heated fluid that rises, cools, and falls

13. 3. Radiation: no physical contact needed.  Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves (infrared, visible light, ultraviolet)  No movement of matter –Example: standing in sunlight

14. Which type of heat transfer is illustrated below? C

17. Conductors Any material through which energy is easily Transferred. Any material through which energy is easily Transferred.

18. Usually solid metals because their molecules are tightly packed. Usually solid metals because their molecules are tightly packed. Gases and liquids are poor conductors because the molecules are not as tightly packed together. Gases and liquids are poor conductors because the molecules are not as tightly packed together.

19. Insulators Slow down Slow down heat transfer heat transfer Poor conductors Poor conductors Examples: rubber or wood Examples: rubber or wood

20. Specific Heat The amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1 K The amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1 K Q= cmΔt Q= cmΔt – Q = heat – c = specific heat – m= mass – Δt= change in temperature –SI unit is J/kg●K or J/kg●◦C

21. Specific Heat Calculations Aluminum has a specific heat of 0.902 J/kg x °C. How much heat is lost when a piece of aluminum with a mass of 23.984 kg cools from a temperature of 415.0 °C to a temperature of 22.0 °C? Aluminum has a specific heat of 0.902 J/kg x °C. How much heat is lost when a piece of aluminum with a mass of 23.984 kg cools from a temperature of 415.0 °C to a temperature of 22.0 °C?

22. Specific Heat Calculations 1. °C°C 1. How much heat is required to warm 275 kg of water from 76 °C to 87 °C ? 2. °C °C 2. PCl3 is a compound used to manufacture pesticides. A reaction requires that 96.7 kg of PCl3 be raised from 31.7 °C to 69.2oC. How much energy will this require given that the specific heat of PCl3 is 0.874 J/kg °C ?

23. Remember… Remember… – energy is always conserved. conserved. – Energy is transferred from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. – Insulation minimizes unwanted energy transfers in walls, attics, etc.

24. Heating System Heating System: any device or process that transfers energy to a substance to raise the temperature Heating System: any device or process that transfers energy to a substance to raise the temperature

25. Cooling Systems Transfers heat energy out of an object to lower temperature Transfers heat energy out of an object to lower temperature Evaporation Evaporation Condensation Condensation Heat pumps Heat pumps

26. HOMEWORK 1. What is temperature? 2. Name the 3 different scales with which temperature is measured. 3. Convert 51°C to Kelvin.

27. 4. Convert 324K to Celsius. 5. Name 3 methods of energy transfer and explain how they work. 6. Explain the difference between conductors and insulators and insulators