1 Endocrine System Spring 2009 FINAL

2 Endocrine Glands Pituitary gland Pineal gland Adrenal glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland Pancreas Gonads Hypothalamus

3 Osteomalacia 1.Lack of __________ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue to _________ 2.Caused by ___________ of fats 3.If it occurs after growth plate closure it is called ________

4 Osteomalacia Demonstrates as osteopenia on x-ray. Appears similar to osteoporosis Except for the presence of bands Of radiolucency within the bone

5 Paget’s Disease X-ray of affected bones show Cortical thickening with a coarse Thickened trabecular pattern Often called “cotton wool” Appearance Mixed areas of radiolucency & radiopaque areas

6 Paget’s Disease 1._______________ disorder of unknown cause 2.Has two stages: 1.________________ 2.________________ 3.Fairly common in elderly 4.Affects men twice as frequently as women

7 Pituitary Gland Disorders

8 Acromegaly X-ray demonstrates an enlarged sella Turcica and changes in the skull Obliterates diploe found between inner & outer tables of the cortical bone

9 Acromegaly 1._____________ disorder caused by a disturbance of the __________ gland 1.Primarily affects skeletal system 2.Have a prominent forehead & jaw, widened teeth, abnormally large hands, coarsening of facial features

10 Hypopituitarism 1.Decreased levels of pituitary hormones 2.Most common cause is pituitary infarction 1.Caused by ischemic pituitary necrosis, postpartum hemorrhage, shock, sickle cell disease, meningitis, shock, syphilis, and head trauma 3.CT, MRI and angiography can be used for radiographic evaluation

11 Hypopituitarism 1._______ stature with protruding abdomen 2._____________ hair 3.Coarse facial features with wide- set eyes, broad nose and _____________ tongue

12 Adrenal Gland Disorders

13 Cushing’s Syndrome

14 Cushing’s Syndrome 1.Have a “_________” face with excess fat deposits in neck and trunk 2.Skin is _______ and does not heal well 3.CT and MRI demonstrates pituitary adenomas

15 Addison’s Syndrome

16 Addison’s Syndrome

17 Pancreatic Disorders

18 Pancreas Anatomy

19 Diabetes Mellitus 1.Syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is combination with glucose intolerance 2.Alteration is metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

20 Type 1 1.Produce little to no ____________________ 2.Symptoms 3.Increase ____________, excessive thirsty & increase in appetite 4.Treatment

21 Type 2 1.Inadequate secretion of insulin 2.More common in women than men 3.Treatment is similar to DM 1

22 Thyroid and Parathryroid Gland Disorders

23 Thyroid Anatomy

24 Hyperthyroidism

25 Hyperthyroidism 1._____________ disorder 2.Thyroid gland secretes excess amounts of ____ 3.Enlarged ____________ and ____________ eyes 4.Hyper and nervous 5.Treatment includes:

26 Hypothyroidism 1.___________ deficiency 2.Commonly seen in PT’s with Hashimoto’s syndrome 3.May be caused by _________ insufficiency 4.Symptoms: ____________________ hot & cold intolerance ____________________ weight gain 5. Treatment:

27 Thyroid Cancers

28 Parathyroid Glands

29 Hyperparathyroidism X-ray demonstrates osteopenia, especially in the diaphyses of the phalanges and clavicles Pathologic fractures may exist as a consequence of the softened bony matrix

30 Hyperparathyroidism

31 Nephrocalcinosis Tiny deposits of calcium dispersed through renal parenchyma Can be seen on an IVU and plain radiographs

32 Radiography 1.Useful in diagnosing some disorders 1.Metabolic diseases of the skeletal system 1.Cushing's’ 2.Decrease in CA in osteomalacia & osteoporosis 3.Disorders of pituitary gland 1.Changes in sella turcica 4.Acromegaly

33 Bone Mineral Densitometry 1.Determines mineral and calcium content in bone 2.Can assist in the diagnosis of 1.Osteoporosis 2.Osteomalacia

34 MRI 1.Useful in evaluating pituitary disorders 1.Pituitary adenomas 1.Presence of progress 2.With Gadolinium 2.Microadenomas

35 CT 1.Useful in diagnosis and follow-up of pituitary disorders 2.Pineal gland 3.Neoplastic diseases of thyroid, adrenal glands & parathyroid glands 1.Enlargement of adrenal glands 4.Biopsies frequently performed under CT

36 Nuclear Medicine 1.Diagnosing thyroid function 2.Detecting nonpalpable nodules 3.Evaluate remaining thyroid tissue 1.After surgical resection or ablation 4.Localize medullary tumors of adrenal glands 5.Using radioisotopes to treat this tumor of the medullary portion of the adrenal glands