 Prehistoric- We have no written records of this time period or of these people.  We use clues like artifacts in burial sites, tools, stone and ceramic pots and clothing to learn about them.

Hunted wild animals for food like mammoths, caribou, oxen, and wolves Gathered seeds, nuts, & roots from wild plants Used bones and needles to sew animal hides for clothes and blankets. See page 31 Ohio Adventures

 Lived in Ohio’s tall forests  Hunters that used spears  Developed the atlatl, a hooked spear thrower  Hunted deer, turkeys, bears, ducks, geese  Used all parts of animals: flesh-food, hides- clothing & moccosins, bones-tools, sinew (muscle)-sewing, teeth-ornaments & necklaces

 Hunters and gatherers  However, were first to grow own food and save it for winter.  Did not move so much in order to find food  Lived in semi-permanent villages  Were moundbuilders (many different shapes)  Burial mounds  Religious ceremonies  Protection forts

 Sites near rivers or streams  Water needed for cooking, drinking, washing and transportation.  Planted and harvested crops  Lived in caves or homes made with woven branches & grasses  2 types of Mounds Coneshaped…burial Effigy…animal shaped  P. 37 Great Serpent Mound

 Hunted, Gathered & Raised Crops  Built villages near rivers  Like Adena, lived in southern part of Ohio, but moved Northward  Mounds were geometric in shape; circle, rectangle, square, octogon & concentric circles (circles inside circles)  Hopewell traded more than Adena

 Historic…we have written records about these Indians.  Wyandot  Miami  Ottawa  Shawnee  Delaware  Mingo

 Reasons include:  1. Religious Persecution… being killed because of their religion  2. Famine or disease in their home country  3. The desire for a better life without living in poverty.  4. America was a land of opportunity

 Read Ohio p  Settlers cut down trees and cleared land for towns and farms.  Many wild animals disappeared.  Indians caught diseases from white men.  Some drank settlers whiskey and became alcoholics and no longer took care of family..

 Read & Discuss:  Katie’s Wish…Barbara Shook Hazen  Annushka’s voyage…Edith Tarbescu  The Memory Coat…Elvira Woodruff  When Jessie Came Across the Sea…Amy Hest