Chapter 15 Section 4 Counter - Reformation

I. Counter-Reformation A. Catholic Reformation 1.Pope eventually realizes change need to happen Catholic Church starts reform called Counter Reformation a. return emphasis on spirituality b. clarified doctrine c. attempt to stop Protestantism

B. Tactics 1. Pope Paul III a. appointed devout, learned bishops & cardinals b. Brought Inquisition to Rome 1)Not to punish the Protestants, but to keep Catholics in church 2. Pope Paul IV a. established ‘Index of Forbidden Books’ 1) list of banned books, not to be read 2) illustrated role of printing press 3) couldn’t burn all books, easier to have members not read them

–C. Council of Trent – defined official church position on matters of doctrine 2. Wanted to end abuses of Indulgences 3. Clarify restrictions for priests 4. Supports most beliefs Protestants rejected –a. ceremonies = God’s splendor –b. people must depend on priests/church for forgiveness 5. Stressed idea of freewill 6. Decisions pleased many –a. found ceremonies comforting vs. simplicity of Protestantism –b. people moved by beautiful churches –c. believed salvation = good works

D. Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation 1. Religious orders reformed rules 2. Jesuits a. ‘Society of Jesus’ b. founded by Ignatius de Loyola c. recognized by Pope Paul III d. Beliefs 1) salvation in part by good deeds & to obey Pope 2) vows of chastity, poverty, obedience to Pope e. Organized like the military 1) Discipline and strict obedience 2) spread Christianity to far lands (China/Japan) f. Stressed education, founded universities 1)Christian Humanism 2)slowed the spread of Protestantism

II. Results of Religious Upheaval A. Wars in Europe overshadowed results of Reformation & Counter Reformation B. Many new churches 1. Catholicism strong a. Italy, Southern & Eastern Europe & Ireland 2. Protestantism a. France & Netherlands 3. Various Protestant religions – Sects a. England, Northern Europe, Scandinavia b. religion backed by governments

Results con’t. C. Strong interest in Education 1. Many new universities a. enrollment growing b. supported Religious growth 2. Protestants stressed reading of Bible 3. Education did not end in tolerance a. Catholics still disliked the Protestants & the Protestants disliked the Catholics D. Increased power of national governments decreased power of Pope

Section 5

I Culture & Daily Life A. Superstitions 1. used to explain events in life a. Lived in small towns, not as educated b. Struggled against nature 2. World of Spirits a. used spirits as explanation of events 1) Nothing was a accident 2) Bad spirits (demons) make life difficult 3) Roots of superstitions of today b. Villagers don’t believe priests 1) explain as ‘gods will’ 2) thought Punishment of sin 3) Still thought priest could help make things better i) Bless earth= good harvest ii) Bless marriages iii) Baptize newborns to protect them. c. Also turn to ‘old & wise’ 1) had special understanding of world 2) Give remedy to ward off evil i) a chant, potion or charm

3. Witchcraft a. good witches = wise folk b. bad witch causes misfortune 1) made a pact with devil 2) usually widows, easy targets c. Stories become sensationalized 1) flying on brooms 2) Dance with devil at night in woods d. Priest could perform an exorcism 1) drive out demon e. Could be burned at stake w/ Lords approval f. Started ↑100 years of witch hunts g. Secular & religious leaders blame problems on witches Execution Rates of Witchcraft Trials

B. Daily life in Villages 1. Forms of recreation a. Villages would come together 1) To drink, sew, tell stories 2) Play skittles i) form of bowling 3) Enjoy holidays & celebrations 2. Violence & protest in villages a. people identify with own kind 1) Those of a village 2) those of the same profession (guilds) 3) those of large towns b. If act outside of norms treated harshly 1) even violently

III Spread of Knowledge A. Books for the Masses 1. Few could read 2. Broadsides a. Single printed sheet b. Royal decrees c. News of crimes or events d. Brought by traders to villages 1) people gathered to be read to 3. Nobility a. interest in Romances and Epics of classical era 4. Almanacs a. One of most common b. published predictions about weather & crops c. Calendars, maps and medical advice d. Speaks to beliefs of common people

B. Religious Ideas & Education 1. Peddlers sell books on religious themes a. spread ideas of Luther and Calvin b. Copies of the bible 2. Churches form primary schools in villages & towns a. more to teach religion, build congregation b. does not teach tolerance 1) Still religious contention

IV Changes in Daily Life A. Economy 1. Standard of living a. measures quality of life b. environment, health, home, income, work conditions c. peasants still 85%-90% of pop. 1) end of manoralism, more serfs free d. black death killed 1/3 of Europe 1) fewer workers 2) demand higher wages

B. Diet 1. Food a. White bread from wheat rare b. Meat scarce & expensive c. Salt expensive (food preservation) d. Cheese & eggs important part of diet 1) cheap protein e. Spices are luxury items 1) become cheaper as supply increases f. New veggies introduced 1) asparagus, green beans, lettuce, melons, spinach, tomatoes g. New luxury items 1) Coffee, tea h. wealthy people could afford varied diets i. peasants ate the same stuff every day

2. Utensils a. Ate with fingers from common dishes b. Some used wooded plates c. Guests brought own knives 1) forks not till 1500’s 2) Spoons in 1600’s

C. Housing 1. Towns a. Brick & stone becoming common 2. peasants a. Small thatched roof homes b. Pot, bench, table, tools c. few beds 1) slept on sacks filled with straw 3. Glass a. expensive and hard to get b. most just have shutters

D. Decline of Traditional Culture 1. Peasants move to cities to escape poverty 2. Changes to culture a. Food from shops not fields b. govts. help out after disasters 1) pass out bread in famine 2) hospitals for sick – plague c. less belief in superstition 1) before understanding of how things happen 2) look to rational explanations for events i) less need for “wise folk” d. Called ‘dis-enchantment’ 1) removal of magic from nature