Absolute Monarchs in Europe Chapter 21 Section 4 and 5

Section 4-Absolute Rulers of Russia

The First Czar Boyars-Russia’s land owning nobles Czar-Russian term for Caesar Ivan “The Terrible”- –The years 1547 to 1560 are referred to as his “Good Period” He won great victories Added new land to Russia Created a code of law Ruled Justly

The First Czar Ivan’s “Bad Period” –He blamed the boyars of poisoning his wife Anastasia –Created a police force to hunt down and kill those he considered traitors –He gave the boyar’s estates to nobles he considered loyal to him –In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son during a violent fight

Peter the Great Comes to Power Peter “The Great”- –One of Russia’s greatest reformers –Ruled from 1696 to 1725 “Great Embassy”-Peters long visit to Western Europe –Peter’s goals were to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

Peter Rules Absolutely Religious differences widened the gap between Europe and Russia –Russians practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity –Western Europeans were either Catholic or Protestant Westernization- Peter’s goal of using western Europe as a model for change in Russia –This included a 200,000 man army paid for by heavy taxes

Peter Rules Absolutely Peter’s plan for Westernizing Russia- –Introduced potatoes –Started Russia’s first news paper –Raised the social status of women by inviting them to social gatherings –Ordered nobles to wear western fashion –Introduced schools that taught the arts, science and navigation St. Petersburg was built as Russia’s new capital city

Section 5-Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Monarchs Defy Parliament Charles I- –Took the throne in 1625 –Always seemed to need money b/c he was at war with Spain and France –Signed the Petition of Right but ignored it

Monarchs Defy Parliament Petition of Right- –The king would not imprison subjects w/out due cause –No taxes w/out Parliament’s consent –Soldiers would not be housed in private homes –Martial law would not be imposed during peace time

English Civil War English Civil War-1642 to1649 –Parliament had passes laws to limit royal power and Charles I tried to have Parliamentary leaders arrested Cavaliers or Royalists = Those loyal to King Charles Puritans = Supporters of Parliament Ended with the beheading of Charles I –First time a reigning monarch had faced a public trial and execution

English Civil War Oliver Cromwell- –By 1645 Cromwell’s New Model Army had began defeating the Cavaliers –In 1647 they captured King Charles and took him prisoner Charles's was found guilty of treason and beheaded –1649 Cromwell abolished the monarchy and established a commonwealth Laws that supported puritan morality abolished sinful activities such as theatre, sporting events, and dancing

Restoration and Revolution Restoration- –Period of time in which the monarchy was restored under Charles II Habeas Corpus- –Passed in 1679 this law gave prisoners' a written guarantee that they would be brought before the judge to specify their charges

Restoration and Revolution Glorious Revolution- –The bloodless overthrow of King James II in 1688 Seven members of Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow James The goal was to overthrow him for the sake of Protestantism –James fled to France when William invaded

Limit’s on Monarch’s Power Constitutional Monarchy- –Laws limited the power of rulers –Parliament became William and Mary’s partner in governing Cabinet- –Ministers/officials acting in the rulers name but truly represented the major party in Parliament This was the link between the monarch and the major Parliamentary party

Limit’s on Monarch’s Power Bill of Rights- –Drafted in 1689 it was designed to clarify the limits of royal power –Listed what the ruler could not do No suspending parliament’s laws No levying taxes without a grant from parliament No interference with Parliament’s freedom of speech No penalty for citizens who used petition to bring their grievances to the king