Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mrs. Browne Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mrs. Browne

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

Industrial Revolution Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Population Social & Economic Opportunities Humanitarian Reasons European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

European Exploration and Colonization of Africa

Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Dr. David Livingstone Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley

European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

Africa in the 1880s

The Berlin Conference  After the unification of Germany and Italy, Germany becomes the top rival of the British (part real and part desire)  Bismarck calls for the Berlin Conference in order to “iron out” disputes over colonial possessions  Bismarck considers himself the “honest broker” in this as he wishes for Germany to remain on the outside of the quest for colonies; Kaiser Wilhelm II has other plans!  The Europeans essentially recognize each others claims in Africa and establish the guidelines for claiming more….THE RACE IS ON!  NO ONE from Africa was invited nor present at this conference….hmmm….

The Berlin Conference

Africa by 1914

The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Population) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Cecil Rhodes ( ) “The Colossus of Rhodes”

Dutch Landing in 1652 Groups of Dutch left Europe in the 17 th century. They settled primarily around Cape Town. The majority were farmers known as Boers. The British took over this area in the early 1800’s and encouraged more settlers. By 1865, almost 200,000 whites lived in South Africa. Boer Farmer

The Boers or Afrikaners The Boers believed that white superiority was ordained by God. They denied non-Europeans any place in their society. This would become the basis for the system known as apartheid. Apartheid would become the legalized system used by the South African government until 1993!

The Great Trek, The Boers left the Cape Town area in order to remain separate from the British territories The migration of the Boers, the influx of more white settlers, and the expansion of the British holdings cause tensions between Boers & British AND between Europeans & the Zulu nation.

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828) Shaka was born out of wedlock and as a result he and his mother were exiled. They were taken in by another tribe where Shaka grew to be a fierce warrior. Shaka became king of the Zulu nation and by his death ruled over 250,000 people. He took revenge on those who mistreated he and his mother as well as fighting the British in the Zulu Wars.

Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds The discovery of diamonds will increase tensions, greed and desire to control this land!

Boer-British Tensions Increase  1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.  – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence.  1880’s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Struggle for South Africa

The Boer War: The Boers The British British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

The Boer War Causes The British wanted control of all Dutch territories including Transvaal and the Orange Free State The Dutch wanted to remain separate The control over vast natural resources was desired by both During Heavy casualties due to combat and disease Use of guerilla warfare and scorched earth policy First use of organized concentration camps for civilians and troops Effects Britain committed many atrocities that angered the world forcing the British to seek alliances and rebuild relations with Europe The Union of South Africa was created in 1910; apartheid was adopted The Union of South Africa was created in 1910; apartheid was adopted

The Boer War

Results of African Colonization

Conclusions & Thoughts Your thoughts? Predictions?