Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein
…..Which leads to Traits
How Does DNA produce traits? 1. Genes control proteins which determine traits 2. Order of nucleotides in the DNA determines amino acid sequence RNA's act as 'go-between' for DNA RNA's act as 'go-between' for DNA Gene- a sequence of DNA with a specific function Gene- a sequence of DNA with a specific function
RNA Single strand of nucleotides (unlike DNA) Single strand of nucleotides (unlike DNA) Contains 5-C sugar ribose Contains 5-C sugar ribose Uracil replaces Thymine Uracil replaces Thymine 3 types of RNA produced 3 types of RNA produced 1. Messenger RNA (m-RNA) - code for order of amino acids 2. Transfer RNA (t-RNA) - carry amino acids and fit them in proper place 3. Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) - major component of ribosome; large and small subunits a. P site: carries the growing polypeptide chain b. A site: delivers the next amino acid to the growing chain
Codons Codons – 3 nucleotide sequences coded from the original DNA strand onto a mRNA strand. Codons – 3 nucleotide sequences coded from the original DNA strand onto a mRNA strand. Each codon corresponds to an amino acid or a stop/start signal Each codon corresponds to an amino acid or a stop/start signal The codon on a mRNA strand is complementary to an anti-codon on tRNA The codon on a mRNA strand is complementary to an anti-codon on tRNA
Codons in mRNA
Going from DNA RNA Transcription - Formation of m-RNA molecule from a DNA template – occurs in the nucleus. Transcription - Formation of m-RNA molecule from a DNA template – occurs in the nucleus. Occurs in three steps: Occurs in three steps: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
Initiation RNA polymerases bind to DNA at regions called promoters (initiation site, also called TATA box); the enzyme then separates the 2 DNA strands and transcription begins. RNA polymerases bind to DNA at regions called promoters (initiation site, also called TATA box); the enzyme then separates the 2 DNA strands and transcription begins. RNA polymerase reads DNA from 3’ to 5’ RNA polymerase reads DNA from 3’ to 5’
Elongation RNA polymerases move along the DNA and: RNA polymerases move along the DNA and: -untwists and opens a short segment of DNA (DNA template) - links incoming RNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the elongating strand; RNA grows one nucleotide at a time in the 5' to 3' direction
Termination Transcription proceeds until RNA polymerases reaches a termination site on the DNA; RNA molecule is then released and leaves the nucleus. Transcription proceeds until RNA polymerases reaches a termination site on the DNA; RNA molecule is then released and leaves the nucleus. The DNA strand then joins back together – unchanged.
Translation Translation – using the mRNA strand made during Transcription and tRNA and rRNA to build a protein. Translation – using the mRNA strand made during Transcription and tRNA and rRNA to build a protein. Occurs at the site of protein synthesis – the ribosome. Occurs at the site of protein synthesis – the ribosome. Occurs in three steps – the same but different than transcription – initiation, elongation, and termination. Occurs in three steps – the same but different than transcription – initiation, elongation, and termination.
Initiation 1. the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the 5' end of the mRNA ('start' codon -AUG) 2. a tRNA (with anticodon UAC) carries the amino acid methionine to the mRNA
Elongation 1. the next tRNA binds to the ribosome; the new amino acid is attached to first one 2. the first tRNA is released and binds again with other amino acids (repeated deliveries) 3. a new tRNA attaches to the ribosome and repeats the process, thereby increasing the polypeptide chain length
Termination 1. Occurs when the ribosome encounters a 'stop' codon. 2. The resulting protein formed is now released and is used by the cell.