1. Protein Synthesis: Transcription,the Genetic Code, Translation, and the Human Genome

2. Central Dogma
Central Dogma categorized by: DNA Replication Transcription Translation
From that, we find the flow of genetic information to be DNA RNA protein
Cells use genes, coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell, as templates to accomplish the processes contained in the Central Dogma of cells.

3. RNA Structure and Function
RNA has a sugar ribose instead of a deoxyribose
RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA
RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine

4. Types of RNA Cells have 3 major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

5. RNA Structure and Function
mRNA is a single stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein
rRNA is the major component of ribosomes
tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

6. Transcription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA

7. Transcription
Transcription requires an enzyme, RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase)
During transcription,
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA

8. Transcription
How does RNA polymerase “know” where to start and stop making an RNA copy of DNA?
RNA polymerase doesn’t bind just anywhere, but will bind only to regions of DNA known as promoters
Promoters have a specific base sequence
Act as signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA and similar signals cause it to stop

9. RNA Editing
RNA molecules require a bit of editing before they are ready to go into action
DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences of nucleotides called introns and exons
Introns are not involved in coding for proteins; while exons are the sequences that code for proteins
During transcription and the creation of protein molecules, both introns and exons are copied however the introns are cut out of RNA molecule while the remaining exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA

10. Genetic Code
Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides
Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids
Properties of proteins are determined by the order in which different amino acids are joined together to produce polypeptides

11. Genetic Code
The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code
Identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon
Codon: three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid, start, or stop

13. Translation
Translation: the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain(protein)
Steps of Translation
mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and released into the cytoplasm
mRNA molecule attaches to the ribosome beginning translation
As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA
Each tRNA molecule carries only one kind of amino acid and has three unpaired bases, called anticodons (unpaired codons that are complementary to one mRNA codon)
As amino acids are added, a peptide bond is formed between them. The polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA and releases the newly formed protein ending the process of translation

14. Translation