1. Protein Synthesis Standards:
3.1.2 – Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
4.1.2 – Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins, and amino acids carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms.

2. RNA
The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as DNA RNA protein. This is the central dogma of biology.
RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA uses uracil in place of thymine.
RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

3. Types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Gets read by the ribosome (contains the information)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up the majority of the ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Brings the amino acids to the ribosome

4. Transcription
During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA (DNA is read and RNA is made)

5. Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three- nucleotide mRNA codon.

6. Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA.
The mRNA is read and the correct amino acid is matched to each codon.
As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

7. A = amino acid
B = tRNA
C = anticodon
D = codon
E = mRNA
F = ribosome
G = protein (polypeptide)

8. Transcription and Translation Summary