Food Systems for Food Security On-Farm Supply Issues Hans H. Stein University of Illinois

Current Research Energy and nutrient digestibility in pigs – Amino Acids – Minerals – Lipids – Carbohydrates (starch and fiber) Use of pigs as models for humans – Amino acids – Energy and fiber

4 Ileal AA Digestibility

Amino Acid Nutrition in Humans H. H. Stein

Human Malnutrition Marasmus –E–Energy and protein deficiency Kwashiorkior –D–Deficiency of protein (quality or quantity) Goiter –I–Iodine deficiency Anemia –D–Deficiency of iron, vit. B 12, or folic acid

Kwashiorkor

Preparation of Casava

H. H. Stein Nutritional Value of Casava

Kwashiorkor

Protein Requirements Is a requirement for indispensable AA AA are needed for maintenance, growth, and milk protein synthesis Greatest requirement (as % of diet) in children, teenagers, and pregnant and lactating women No storage of excess AA – needed every day

Liebig’s Barrel

AA intake of 8 year old boy H. H. Stein 100 g rice + 55 g beans

AA intake of 8 year old boy g rice + 55 g soy flour H. H. Stein

Digestible Indispensable Amino Acids Scores (DIAAS) H. H. Stein DIAAS values indicate the first limiting AA in Food Proteins

First Peer Reviewed Publication

H. H. Stein Cervantes-Pahm et al., 2014 DIAAS in Cereal Grains (> 3 years)

H. H. Stein Unpublished, Univ. IL, 2014 DIAAS in Soy Proteins (> 3 years)

Current and Future Research DIAAS values in 4 dairy proteins and 4 plant proteins (Ongoing) Future: DIAAS values in 100 food proteins (in collaboration with 3 other Universities) Further refinement of systems for AA evaluation in humans

H. H. Stein Acknowledgement