Welcome to Cisco Academy Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking

Objectives Understand Safety Rules Provide common knowledge base –PC Hardware Build bridge between understanding of PC hardware and Networks similarities Develop understanding of Boot Process Appreciate importance of Networks Identify network characteristics Introduce Binary Numbering System Appreciate importance of Bandwidth

Specific Objectives & Tasks Identify four primary components of PC architecture Identify PC subsystem components Install a NIC Configure PC for different network types Develop understanding of Binary Number System Convert Decimal to Binary & Binary to Decimal Identify units of Information Be able to discuss need for Networks Be able to identify Network Devices Use analogies to understand bandwidth

PC Components Transistor – amplifies or opens/closes circuit IC – does specific task; contains transistors Capacitor – stores energy in electrostatic field Connector – plugs into a port or interface LED – semiconductor device that emits light

PC Components

Boot Processes Boot Instructions – stored in ROM until used Software Applications – stored in RAM after loading RAM and ROM – talk to CPU through the bus Saved Information – flows from RAM to storage device Exported Information – flows from RAM through bus to external device such as the printer

Web Browsers and Plug-Ins IE –Integrated with other MS products –Takes up more disk space –Uses, does , file transfers Communicator –First popular browser –Takes less disk space –Same as IE

Popular Plug-Ins Flash/Shockwave Player Adobe Acrobat Reader Windows Media Player Quicktime Real Player

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NIC Network Interface Card –printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer A.K.A. LAN Adapter –Can be designed for Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI (IMPORTANT) Requires: –IRQ, I/O Address, Upper Memory address in Win 95,98, NT

Network Card Selection Criteria Type of Network –Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring Type of Media –Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic, Coaxial Cable Type of Bus –PSI or ISA or PCMCIA (lap top) Half duplex or full duplexing 10 mbs or 100 mbs

TCP/IP Configuration

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Binary Decimal System –Base Binary System –Base 20 1 Computer works in Binary –Two states - On/Off; Current/No Current –Computer translates from decimal to binary and from binary to decimal NOTE: ASCII is a binary code

Units of Information B= bytes; b = bits Bit (0,1) b Binary Digit 1 bit On/Off Op/Clos Byte B 8 bits1 byte8 bitsLetter or number Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes Approx 1000 bytes Approx 8000 bits 10-page report = 10 KB Megabyte MB 1,024 KB1 million bytes 8 million bits Floppy = 1.4 MB Gigabyte GB 1,024 MB1 billion bytes 8 billion bits Hard drive = 8 GB

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Binary **92**82**72**62**52**42**32**22**12**

Decimal **910**810**710**610**510**410**310**210**110**0 1 B 100 M10 M 1 M

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Terms to Know Bita 0 or 1 – a Binary digiT Byte8 bits – approximately 1 character KB, MB, GB, TB, kbps, kBps, Mbps –All measures of storage Hz, MHz, GHz –All measures of computer operation - cycles

Networks A network is an entity - an intricately connected system of objects or people. Networks are all around us, even inside us. Your own nervous system and cardiovascular system are networks. There can several types of networks Think of some

Networks Accomplish Many Tasks Avoid duplication of equipment and resources Allow us to communicate efficiently Enable us to manage computing resources Support shared resources

Network Types LAN –Building, Campus (group of building) MAN –Metropolitan Area WAN –Entire world – can even include outer space

IP Addressing IP address is used to identify PC to network (at layer 3 of OSI model) IP address is used to send traffic over WAN IP address is usually in dotted decimal format (does not have to be) – –In binary –In hex 7B 7A EA FF

Subnet Masking Used with IP address to determine which LAN to use to send packet on its way Takes form of – – Router uses ANDING to determine which LAN is associated with the IP address –ANDING is a BOOLEAN Algebra process

ANDING IP address is Subnet mask is Anding – – – – Host is a member of LAN

LAN Characteristics Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multiple access to high bandwidth media Control private (autonomous) networks Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices

WANS Operate over wide geographic areas Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds Provide full-time and part-time connectivity Connect devices located over wide geographic areas WANS connect LANS

Bandwidth Measure of how much information can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time Two types – digital and analog Cisco course deals with digital bandwidth Measured in BITS (b) per second

Analogies for Bandwidth Pipe line –Bandwidth is pipes –Network devices are valves; fittings; packet is water Highway –Bandwidth is lanes –Packets are vehicles; network devices are signals, on ramps, etc. Audio Systems –Network devices are telephones, CD-ROMS –Packets are music

Bandwidth is Important It is finite It can save money It is key measure of network design and performance It is key to understanding Internet The demand for it increases constantly

Throughput The formula is Estimated Time = Size of File / Bandwidth Throughput is always less than Bandwidth Bandwidth is used to design networks Throughput is used to evaluate network performance

Media Coaxial Cable –50 ohm and 75 ohm Twisted Pairs –Shielded and Unshielded Fiber Optics –Single Mode and Multi Mode (62.5/125) Wireless