1. Semester 1 v 3.0 1 CCNA 1 Module 1:Introduction

2. Semester 1 v 3.0 2 1.1 Connecting to the Internet

3. Semester 1 v 3.0 3 Requirements for Internet connection Physical -Network Interface Card (NIC) Logical -protocol (TCP/IP) Application -interpret data and display them (Web browser)

4. Semester 1 v 3.0 4 Network Interface Card NIC Also called a LAN adapter It is a printed circuit board that provides network communication It plugs into a motherboard & provides a port for network connection

5. Semester 1 v 3.0 5 Things to consider when you select a NIC The type of network (Ethernet, token ring, FDDI,….) Type of media (twisted-pair, coaxial, fiber-optic cable) Type of system bus (PCI and ISA)

6. Semester 1 v 3.0 6 Here are some possible situations that may require you to install a NIC. Adding a NIC to a computer that does not already have one Replacing a bad or damaged NIC Upgrading from a 10 Mbps card to a 10/100 Mbps card

7. Semester 1 v 3.0 7 PC Components Versus Laptop Components The main difference is that components in a laptop are smaller – the expansion slots become PCMCIA slots, where NICs, modems, hard drives and other useful devices can be inserted into the slots along the perimeter (usually the size of a thick credit card).

8. Semester 1 v 3.0 8 TCP/IP description and Configuration After you have set up the PC hardware you must configure its software. Select the NIC Set the correct IP address Adjust the display (if necessary) Install and set up the browser Perform a few other task (if necessary)

9. Semester 1 v 3.0 9 Protocols A set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information. An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines:  the type of error checking to be used  data compression method, if any  how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message  how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message In order for computers on a network to directly communicate with each other they must have a common protocol.

10. Semester 1 v 3.0 10 Connecting to a Network & Configuring TCP/IP Settings In order for a PC to be part of a network, you must connect it to the network and configure a protocol for it to communicate with the rest of the network. To configure the TCP/IP settings, click on the Start button and select Settings. Then go to the Control Panel and double click on the Network icon.

11. Semester 1 v 3.0 11 Configuring TCP/IP To begin, double click on the TCP/IP icon or click on it once and then click on Properties

12. Semester 1 v 3.0 12 Configuring TCP/IP Click on the IP Address tab. This will allow you to enter the IP Address & Subnet Mask for the workstation.

13. Semester 1 v 3.0 13 Configuring TCP/IP You may need to set a Gateway also, if so, click on the Gateway tab. Type in the new gateway and click Add.

14. Semester 1 v 3.0 14 Why Network Computers? To avoid duplication of equipment and resources To communicate efficiently Networking Computers Networking a variety of networks together was difficult in the mid 1980’s, because emerging network technologies used different hardware and software specifications.

15. Semester 1 v 3.0 15 Testing connectivity with ping ping 127.0.0.1 ping IP address of host computer ping default-gateway IP address ping remote destination IP address

16. Semester 1 v 3.0 16 Web browser and Plug-ins A web browser performs the following functions: Contacts a web server Requests information Receives information Displays the results on the screen Plug-ins Flash – multimedia files QuickTime – video files Real player – audio files

17. Semester 1 v 3.0 17 Troubleshooting In trouble shooting a computer it is important to look at the following: Hardware Software Network connection User

18. Semester 1 v 3.0 18 Binary Digits (bits) Computers can only understand and process data that is in a binary format (0s and 1s). Bits are either 0s or 1s. Bits are represented in a computer by the presence or absence of electrical patterns.  binary 0 might be represented by 0 volts of electricity  binary 1 might be represented by +5 volts of electricity A group of 8 bits equals 1 byte

19. Semester 1 v 3.0 19 1.2 Network Math

20. Semester 1 v 3.0 20 Numbering Systems Decimal (base 10)  uses 10 symbols  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Binary (base 2)  uses 2 symbols  0, 1 Hexadecimal (base 16)  uses 16 symbols  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

21. Semester 1 v 3.0 21 Numbering Systems Base 10 Base 2 Base 16

22. Semester 1 v 3.0 22 Binary Counting Decimal Binary Decimal Binary 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 11001

23. Semester 1 v 3.0 23 Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number Method 1 Convert the decimal number 192 into a binary number. 192/2 = 96 with a remainder of 0 96/2 = 48 with a remainder of 0 48/2 = 24 with a remainder of 0 24/2 = 12 with a remainder of 0 12/2 = 6 with a remainder of 0 6/2 = 3 with a remainder of 0 3/2 = 1 with a remainder of 1 1/2 = 0 with a remainder of 1 Write down all the remainders, backwards, and you have the binary number 11000000.

24. Semester 1 v 3.0 24 Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number Method 1 Convert the decimal number 235 into a binary number. 235/2 = 117 with a remainder of 1 117/2 = 58 with a remainder of 1 58/2 = 29 with a remainder of 0 29/2 = 14 with a remainder of 1 14/2 = 7 with a remainder of 0 7/2 = 3 with a remainder of 1 3/2 = 1 with a remainder of 1 1/2 = 0 with a remainder of 1 Write down all the remainders, backwards, and you have the binary number 11101011.

25. Semester 1 v 3.0 25 Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number Method 2 Convert the decimal number 192 into a binary number. First find the largest number that is a power of 2 that you can subtract from the original number. Repeat the process until there is nothing left to subtract. 192-128 = 64 128’s used1 64-64 = 0 64’s used1 32’s used 0 16’s used 0 8’s used 0 4’s used 0 2’s used 0 1’s used 0 Write down the 0s & 1s from top to bottom, and you have the binary number 11000000.

26. Semester 1 v 3.0 26 Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number Method 2 Convert the decimal number 213 into a binary number. First find the largest number that is a power of 2 that you can subtract from the original number. Repeat the process until there is nothing left to subtract. 213-128 = 85 128’s used 1 85-64 = 21 64’s used 1 *(32 cannot be subtracted from 21) 32’s used 0 21-16 = 5 16’s used 1 *(8 cannot be subtracted from 5) 8’s used 0 5-4 = 1 4’s used 1 *(2 cannot be subtracted from 1) 2’s used 0 1-1 = 0 1’s used 1 Write down the 0s & 1s from top to bottom, and you have the binary number 11010101.

27. Semester 1 v 3.0 27 Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal number Method 1 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 From right to left, write the values of the powers of 2 above each binary number. Then add up the values where a 1 exist. 128 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 181

28. Semester 1 v 3.0 28 Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal number Method 1 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 From right to left, write the values of the powers of 2 above each binary number. Then add up the values where a 1 exist. 128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 220

29. Semester 1 v 3.0 29 Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal number Method 2 Start from the left with the first 1 in the binary number. Write down a 1 below it. Then look at the next number to the right if it is a 0, double the previous number and write it down if it is a 1, double the previous number and add 1 to it, then write it down Continue this until you reach the last 0 or 1 in the binary number. The last number you write down is the decimal equivalent of the binary number. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 Binary place value Binary number Conversion 13613

30. Semester 1 v 3.0 30 Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal number Method 2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 Binary place value Binary number Conversion 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Binary place value Binary number Conversion 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Binary place value Binary number Conversion 1361326 24919391 715306112331

31. Semester 1 v 3.0 31 Four-octet dotted decimal representation of 32-bit binary numbers Eg.172.17.0.254 198.165.124.12

32. Semester 1 v 3.0 32 Hexidecimal (Hex) Hexadecimal is a Base 16 numbering system that is used to represent MAC addresses. It is referred to as Base 16 because it uses sixteen symbols; combinations of these symbols can then represent all possible numbers. Since there are only 10 symbols that represent digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and the Base 16 requires 6 more symbols, the extra symbols are the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. The position of each symbol, or digit, in a hex number represents the base number 16 raised to a power, or exponent, based on its position. Know these

33. Semester 1 v 3.0 33 Hex to Decimal Conversion To convert a hex number to a decimal number, multiply the each hex number by the its place value. Then add all the values together. Given the hex number A 3 16 3 16 2 16 1 16 0 4096 256 16 1 A 3 A X 16 = 160 3 X 1 = 3 160 + 3 = 163 So A3 16 = 163 10

34. Semester 1 v 3.0 34 Hex to Decimal Conversion To convert a hex number to a decimal number, multiply each hex number by the its place value. Then add all the values together. Given the hex number B A D 16 3 16 2 16 1 16 0 4096 256 16 1 B A D B X 256 = 2816 A X 16 = 160 D X 1 = 13 2816 + 160 + 13 = 2989 So BAD 16 = 2989 10

35. Semester 1 v 3.0 35 Hex to Binary Conversion To convert a hex number to a binary number, each hex bit represents 4 binary digits Given the hex number A 3 A is the decimal number 10 10 in binary is 1 0 1 0 8 4 2 1 (binary number places - 4 bits) 1 0 3 is the decimal number 3 3 in binary is 0 0 1 1 8 4 2 1 (binary number places - 4 bits) 0 0 1 1 hex A 3 = 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 in binary

36. Semester 1 v 3.0 36 IP Addresses and Network Mask Use 32-bit binary addresses for Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. some of the bits on the left side of the 32-bit IP number represent a network. bits left over in the 32-bit IP address identify a particular computer on the network. To inform a computer how the 32-bit IP address has been split, a second 32-bit number called a subnetwork mask is used. 11111111000000000000000000000000 written in dotted decimal as 255.0.0.0 or 11111111111111110000000000000000 written in dotted decimal as 255.255.0.0 Converting the IP address 10.34.23.134 to binary would result in: 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address 10.34.23.134 and the subnet mask 255.0.0.0 produces the network address of this host: 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000