 Physical, cognitive, and social/emotional changes between childhood and adulthood

 Physical process of obtaining sexual maturation and reproductive capabilities Before puberty During/after puberty

 Primary › Females – release first egg = 1 st period or menarche › Males – 1 st ejaculation  Secondary – external characteristics not directly involved in reproduction › Body hair › Breasts (female) › Muscle gain (male)

 Early bloomer males = increased self confidence  Early bloomer females = decreased self confidence and esteem › More likely to experiment with drugs, alcohol, and sex Why is there a gender difference?

 How an individual sees right and wrong › Involves abstract thinking and principles Lawrence Kohlberg asked boys of different ages to respond to scenarios

 Found that boys of similar age groups had similar reasoning  3 major levels  An example of Kohlberg’s dilemmas ml

 Morality based on self interest › Possibility of rewards and / punishment › Baby morality? n

 Emphasizes social rules, peer approval, obligations

 Reasoning involves your own set of legal and moral principles that apply to all › Argued that many never reach this stage

 Most humans will not be in one stage in every situation.  Gender differences? › Carol Gilligan found that girls are situational where boys are absolute. › Girls may get to postconventional earlier › Cultural differences? Individualist vs Collectivist societies

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 Secure base changes: Parents (childhood) → peers (adolescence) → partners (adulthood)

AgeImportant Event Description Birth - 18 months FeedingInfants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others.

AgeImportant Event Description 18 months - 3 Years Toilet Training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.

AgeImportant Event Description YearsIndependenceChild becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.

AgeImportant Event Description YearsSchoolThe child must deal with demands to learn new skills while risking a sense of inferiority and failure

AgeImportant Event Description AdolescencePeersTeens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion.

Adolescents have the job of finding where they fit into the world.  You must have a healthy sense of who you are before you can form emotionally intimate relationships with someone else

AgeImportant Event Description Young AdultRelationshipsThe young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation.

AgeImportant Event Description Middle AdultParentingAssuming the role of parents signifies the need to continue the generations while avoiding the inevitable feeling of failure.

AgeImportant Event Description Late AdultLife Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment.