October 26, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 1 Key Issue 1 How Do Geographers Address Where Things Are?

October 26, 2015S. Mathews2 Before travel began, a map existed.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews3 Earth is a Map

October 26, 2015S. Mathews4 Cartography The science of map-making.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews5 Maps A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews6 Two purposes of Maps  Store reference material  Communicate geographic information

October 26, 2015S. Mathews7 Geographers  Think about the arrangements of people and activities found in space.  Try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews8 Geographers use maps  as a method of depicting the distribution of features  as a tool for explaining observed patterns.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews9 Earliest Mapmaking  The earliest surviving maps were drawn by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 B.C.  Polynesian peoples navigated for thousands of years with three dimensional maps.  Mediterranean sailors and traders made maps as early as 800 B.C.

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October 26, 2015S. Mathews11 Thales (624?-546? B.C.) Applied principals to measuring land area.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews12 Aristotle ( B.C.)  First to demonstrate the earth was spherical.  Observed the curved shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse and  That the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews13 Eratosthenes ( B.C.)  First to use the word geography  Calculated the circumference of the earth  Made one of the earliest maps of the known world, correctly dividing Earth into five climatic regions.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews14 Ptolemy (A.D ) Wrote an eight-volume Guide to Geography, taking advantage of information collected by merchants and soldiers who traveled throughout the Roman Empire.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews15 Non-European  Phei Hsiu, "father of Chinese cartography," produced an elaborate map of China,A.D  The Muslim geographer al-Idrisi ( ?) prepared a world map and geography text in  lbn- Battutah ( ) wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on three decades of joumeys.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews16 During the Age of Exploration and Discovery Geography and mapmaking enjoyed a revival. By the 17 th century, maps accurately displayed the outline of most continents and the position of oceans.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews17 Gerardus Mercator (A.D ) Best known for the Mercator projection - a cylindrical map projection still widely used today.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews18 Mercator Projection

October 26, 2015S. Mathews19 Bernhardus Varenius (A.D ) Produced Geographia Generalis, which stood form more than a century as the standard treatise on systemic geographic.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews20 Map Scale The relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews21 Scale is represented in 3 ways: - a fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000) - a written statement (" 1 inch equals 1 mile") - a graphic bar scale.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews22 The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map depends on its scale.

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October 26, 2015S. Mathews26 Projection The scientific method of transferring locations on the Earth’s surface to a flat map.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews27 Projection To communicate geographic concepts effectively through maps, cartographers must design them properly and assure that users know how to read them.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews28 From Sphere to Flat

October 26, 2015S. Mathews29 Map Distortion The Earth's spherical shape poses a challenge because drawing the Earth on a flat piece of paper unavoidably produces some distortion.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews30 Four types of distortion  shape can be distorted  distance may be increased or decreased  relative size may be altered  direction between points can be distorted

October 26, 2015S. Mathews31 In addition to the global system of latitude and longitude, other mathematical indicators of locations are used in different parts of the world.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews32 U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 In the United States, the Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the West.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews33 Townships and Ranges  A township is a square 6 miles on each side.  Each township has a number corresponding to its distance north or south of a particular base line.  Each township has a second number, known as the range, corresponding to its location east or west of a principal meridian.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews34 Quarter-Section  A township is divided into 36 sections, each of which is 1 mile by 1 mile.  Each section is divided into four quarter-sections.  A quarter-section, which is 0.5 mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres, was the amount of land many western pioneers bought as a homestead.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews35 A Township equals 36 Sections Section Township

October 26, 2015S. Mathews36 Principal Meridians Some of the north-south lines separating townships are called principal meridians.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews37 Principal Meridians

October 26, 2015S. Mathews38 Base Lines Some east-west lines are designated base lines.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews39 Base Line

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October 26, 2015S. Mathews41 Contemporary Tools Two important technologies that developed during the past quarter century are  geographic information systems (computer programs for manipulating geographic data).  remote sensing from satellites (to collect data).

October 26, 2015S. Mathews42 Geographic Information System (GIS) A high-performance computer system that processes geographic data.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews43 GIS Information such as topography, political boundaries, population density, manufacturing, soil type, earthquake faults, and so on is stored as separate information layers.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews44 Layered Information

October 26, 2015S. Mathews45 Remote Sensing The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews46 Remote Sensing Satellites scan the Earth’s surface and record reflected radiation. Scanned images are transmitted to receiving stations in digital form. Can show an object 1 meter across. Weather satellites take a broader view, looking at several kilometers at a time.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews47 Global Positioning System (GPS) A system, using 24 satellites, that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth

October 26, 2015S. Mathews48 GPS  Commonly used in navigation of aircraft, ships, and autos.  Detecting the vehicle’s current location, device can provide directions to a desired location.

October 26, 2015S. Mathews49 Frank and Earnest on GPS