✞ The Catholic Church was the only church in Medieval Europe ✞ The Bible was only to be read by Priests or Bishops ✞ Church Services were only in Latin.

✞ Prior to the Reformation most Christians were Roman Catholic ✞ The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church ✞ Reformers wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church ✞ The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant religions

100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church Corruption within the Catholic Church Indulgences-The selling of Documents for the Forgiveness of Sins

✞ Martin Luther ✞ John Calvin ✞ Henry VIII

✞ Lived from in Germany ✞ Father encouraged him to study law but a sudden religious experience inspired him to become a Monk. ✞ Studied and earned his Doctorate of Theology at the University of Wittenberg

✞ He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven ✞ He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort ✞ In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, the just shall live by faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

*He starts to question some of the church’s practices and beliefs: *Believed: The Church was wrong for selling indulgences *Faith alone could save human sinner *People should read the Bible in your own language and not Latin. *Rejected all but two of seven sacraments: Baptism and Holy Communion

✞ Posted 95 Theses on the Church Door in Wittenberg ✞ A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) ✞ He criticized: ✞ The Power of the Pope ✞ The Extreme Wealth of the Church ✞ Indulgences

✞ Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs ✞ Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

✞ 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs The Diet of Worms:summoned by Charles V ✞ Luther burned the order and was excommunicated ✞ Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

✞ He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

Luther Prepares to Burn the Pope’s Orders

✞ Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas ✞ Lutheranism was formed ✞ Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms ✞ The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

✞ Anti-Catholic ✞ Influenced by Martin Luther ✞ Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.” ✞ Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

✞ Calvin believed in: ✞ Salvation through Predestination ✞ At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

✞ Foreknowledge ✞ God knows everything that will happen in your life ✞ Purified approach to life: ✞ No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

Henry VIII Dissent over divorce Wives of Henry 1 st -Catherine of Aragon 2 nd -Anne Boleyn 3 rd -Jane Seymour 4 th -Anne of Cleves 5 th -Catherine Howard 6 th -Catherine Parr The Anglican Church forms when Henry VIII of England divorces his first wife, is excommunicated by the Pope, and decides to break off from the Catholic church and form a new Church of England!

The Act of Annates 1532 Stopped all payment to the Catholic Church The Act of Appeals 1533 Ended Rome’s Religious hold on England The Act of Supremacy 1534 Made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England Executions Any subject who wouldn’t denounce the Catholic Church

❀ Catherine of Aragon ❀ Henry given permission from Pope to marry his brother’s widow ❀ Catherine failed to produce a male heir, only had one surviving child – Mary I

❀ Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage ❀ Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted…unsuccessful

❀ Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope ❀ ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England ❀ He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

❀ ANNE BOLEYN ❀ Only had 1 surviving child – a daughter, Elizabeth I ❀ Henry upset at not having a son, accused Anne of incest and adultery ❀ Anne was brought to the Tower of London and executed

❀ Legend had it she had a sixth finger and a large mole or goiter on her neck ❀ Anne’s sister Mary had been one of Henry’s earlier mistresses ❀ Just prior to her execution, Anne’s marriage to Henry was dissolved and considered invalid

❀ JANE SEYMOUR ❀ First came to the court in the service of Queen Catherine, later she waited on Anne Boleyn as she rose to Queen ❀ Henry felt she was his first “true wife” ❀ She died 2 weeks after giving birth to Henry’s only legitimate son – Edward ❀ Only one of the 6 wives buried with him.

❀ ANNE OF CLEVES ❀ Henry was single for 2 years after Jane died ❀ Henry wanted a marriage for political reasons, to form an alliance between English Protestants and German Protestants ❀ He chose Anne of Cleves ❀ She was so unattractive however, Henry divorced her – he called her “Flanders Mare”

❀ CATHRYN HOWARD (cousin of Anne Boleyn) ❀ Married her only 16 days after his divorce to Anne – he was 49, she was 19 ❀ They were ill-matched, he was gaining a lot of weight, and had an ulcerated leg – she was his “rose without a thorn” ❀ Executed because he believed she had relations with another man before their marriage, which continued after their marriage

❀ CATHERINE PARR ❀ Widowed twice before marrying Henry ❀ Became a stabilizing mother figure in home – to Mary, Elizabeth and Edward ❀ She outlived Henry – who died January 28, 1547 ❀ She married Jane Seymour’s bother Thomas after Henry’s death