Consciousness Awareness Attention Selective Attention Divided Attention Dichotic Listening

Consciousness Ways of Studying Consciousness Structuralism – Introspection Behaviorism Psychophysiology Subjective Report

Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness Dreaming Drug States Hypnosis Meditation Near Death Experiences

Sleep & Dreaming Stages of Sleep REM Rebound How Much Sleep? Disorders The Purpose of Sleep Dreams

Drug States: Types of Drugs Stimulants Amphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy (MDMA) Nicotine Caffeine Depressants Alcohol Barbiturates Valium Narcotics Hallucinogens LSD Mescaline PCP Psilocybin Marijuana

Drug States: Addiction Tolerance Habituation Opponent Process Theory Opposite Aftereffects Return to Baseline Effects of Repeated Usage Dependence Withdrawal

Drug States: Other Factors Dosage Mode of Ingestion Prior Experience Set (Expectancy)

Stages of Sleep and Brain Waves Electroencephalograph (EEG) - allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.Electroencephalograph (EEG) - allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered. LO 4.4 Stages of sleep

Stages of Sleep and Brain Waves Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation.Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation. Relaxed but awake: Alpha wavesRelaxed but awake: Alpha waves Theta waves - brain waves indicating early stages of sleep.Theta waves - brain waves indicating early stages of sleep. Stage 1: Theta waves appearStage 1: Theta waves appear Light sleep; person may claim to still be awakeLight sleep; person may claim to still be awake Hypnogogic sensations may occur (floating, falling) and can be incorporated into real memoriesHypnogogic sensations may occur (floating, falling) and can be incorporated into real memories Hypnogogic = sensory experiences without sensory stimuliHypnogogic = sensory experiences without sensory stimuli Hypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerksHypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerks Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity)Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of rapid brain activity) Asleep but may respond to some events, such as ringing phoneAsleep but may respond to some events, such as ringing phone Sleeptalking may occur Sleeptalking may occur

Hypnosis Hypnosis – altered state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestionHypnosis – altered state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion 4 Elements of Hypnosis:4 Elements of Hypnosis: 1.focus 2.relax 3.accept suggestions 4.use imagination

Clinical Hypnosis  Posthypnotic amnesia – temporary explicit memory loss, but memories are still there, can affect behavior, and usually returns to conscious awareness  Posthypnotic suggestion - suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors  Most effective for pain control, headaches, asthma, skin and weight conditions (psychologically-based)  Less effective for addictions (physiologically-based)  Power of believing is the key