AP World History Review Period 5: Industrialization & Global Integration c. 1750 CE – c. 1900 CE Bill Strickland East Grand Rapids High School East Grand Rapids, MI bstrickl@egrps.org

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced. IR caused by a variety of factors Europe’s location on Atlantic ocean geographical distribution of coal, iron, & timber European demographic changes & urbanization improved agricultural productivity legal protection of private property abundance of rivers and canals access to foreign resources accumulation of capital.

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced. IR caused by a variety of factors Development of Machines & reliance on fossil fuels Factory system Global spread → Europe, U.S., Russia, Japan “2nd Ind Rev” steel, chemicals, electricity after c.1850

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism New trade patterns further integrated global economy. Industrialists sought raw materials & new markets Need for raw materials & food supplies to feed rising populations → export economies: economy based around single natural resource (e.g. cash crops) New financial institutions developed to facilitate global investments Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations: capitalism Stock markets, insurance, corporations Some businesses grew to global scale

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism New trade patterns further integrated global economy. New financial institutions developed to facilitate global investments New developments in transportation: Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Responses to Capitalism Industrial states: Workers organized Protests against exploitation of workers Alternate visions of society offered Some non-industrial states resisted changes, attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of production Some states sponsored their own state-sponsored industrialization plans Meiji Japan, Russia’s Trans-Siberian RR, Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile industry.

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Responses to Capitalism Industrial states: Workers organized Protests against exploitation of workers Alternate visions of society offered Some non-industrial states resisted changes, attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of production Some states sponsored their own state-sponsored industrialization plans Meiji Japan, Russia’s Trans-Siberian RR, Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile industry.

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world. Existing colonial powers strengthened existing empires Europeans, U.S. & Japan established new empires in Asia/Pacific Spanish & Portuguese influence declined Scramble for Africa Settler Colonies Economic Imperialism (Dollar Diplomacy)

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified Imperialism.

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform Enlightenment thought (questioning established traditions) often preceded revolutions and rebellions. Voltaire, Rousseau Intellectuals challenged religion New political ideals re: “natural rights,” the individual, & “social contract” Social customs (led to growth of suffrage, abolition, end of serfdom)

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform Peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality, based on: Language Religion social customs territory

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state … … while gov’ts used this idea to unite diverse populations.

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state … … while gov’ts used this idea to unite diverse populations.

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform The global spread of European political & social thought, together w/ the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies/solidarities. Liberalism Socialism Communism

5.4 Global Migration Migration was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Changes in food production, medical conditions contributed to migrations

5.4 Global Migration Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons. Work: both voluntary (free) & coerced/ unfree (indent serv, slavery) Many migrants returned home

5.4 Global Migration Large scale migration produced a variety of consequences & reactions Most migrants male, leaving women to adopt new roles Migrants created new ethnic enclaves in new homelands Receiving societies not always “happy” re: new immigration