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Animal Circulation Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms

Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport Or vesicular transport! Circulation of materials in the body osmosis diffusion active transport vesicular transport Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up

Sponge Morphology

Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum

Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar flagellum microvilli

This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for feeding The yellow-brown color is due to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates Cnidarians have just the two tissue layers, so internal circulation is not critical, exchanges are diffusion

Polyplacophora: chitons The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces.

lectures/animal%20diversity/protostomes/chiton_ventral_surface.jpg After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious mollusc features. gills foot mouth (radula inside)

mouth radula valve plates gonad heart pericardial cavity (coelom) mantle anus foot digestive gland nephridium stomach ventral nerve cord (not shown) This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves). auricle ventricle nephridiopore gonopore hemocoel dorsal aorta

How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes! Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange

This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one. The foot can push a bivalve through sediments. The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange. The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart. This is an open circulation system. Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste. hinge and ligament nephridium mantle shell gills foot gonad intestine heart

Open Circulatory Systems Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin Fig Page 917