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2. Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms
Animal Circulation
Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms

3. Circulation of materials in the body
Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis
Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport
Or vesicular transport!
Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up
vesicular transport

4. Sponge Morphology

5. Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall
Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates
Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum

6. Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar
flagellum

9. This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for feeding
The yellow-brown color is due to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
Cnidarians have just the two tissue layers, so internal circulation is not critical, exchanges are diffusion

10. Polyplacophora: chitons
The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces.

11. After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious mollusc features.
gills
foot
mouth
(radula inside)

12. This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves).
dorsal aorta
gonad
heart
valve plates
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
hemocoel
ventricle
radula
auricle
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive gland
stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
ventral nerve cord
(not shown)
gonopore

13. How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes!
Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange

14. Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.
This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one.
hinge and ligament
The foot can push a bivalve through sediments.
The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange.
The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart. This is an open circulation system.
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.

15. Open Circulatory Systems
Fig Page 917
Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group
Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin