1. 37-1 Mollusks · Invertebrates like clams, snails, slugs and octopuses
· Phylum mollusca
· 112,000 species. Some are predators, others are filter feeders
Have bilateral symmetry

2. Common Features

3. Coelomates · Have a true coelom (hollow fluid filled cavity)
Advantage is muscles of body wall are separate from those of the gut, so body wall muscles can contract without hindering the digestion process. Also transports blood

4. Trochophore · Contains cilia at both ends and in the middle
· Shared by aquatic mollusks and annelids during the larval stage
· Contains cilia at both ends and in the middle
Cilia contribute to dispersal of trochophore

5. Body Plan of Mollusks 2 regions 1.Head-foot 2.Visceral mass
1. Head-foot (fig. 37-2)
head, mouth, sensory structures,foot for locomotion
2. Visceral mass (fig. 37-2)
heart, digestive organs, excretory organs, reproductive organs

7.  Mantle
Covers visceral mass, which secretes 1 or more hard shells made of calcium carbonate. Found in both sexes. Protects entire animal. The disadvantage is that the animal cannot exchange gases, so they had to evolve gills, which exchange gases with water. The gills are protected by the mantle cavity.

8. Ganglia · Located in the head-foot region
Connected by 2 pairs of nerve cords

9. Radula
· A feeding adaptation. It is a flexible, tongue-like strip covered with abrasive teeth. (fig. 37-3)

10. 3 Classes of Mollusks 1. Gastropoda · Snails, abalones, conchs
2. Bivalvia
· Clams, oysters, scallops
3. Cephalopoda
· Octopuses, squids, chambered nautilus
*Only mollusk to have closed circulatory system

11. 1. Class Gastropoda
· Body undergoes torsion during larval stage. The visceral mass twists 180 degrees towards head, so everything like gills, mantle cavity and anus are near head. (fig. 37-4)
· Have open circulatory system. A circulatory fluid called hemolymph passes through body into tissue spaces called hemocoels then the hemolymph goes back to the heart.

12. Class Gastropoda Snails (land and aquatic, fresh water and salt water)
· Aquatic snails respire through gills
· Land snails respire through mantle cavity and are hermaphrodites
Move around for food

13. Abalone

14. Conch

15. 2. Class Bivalvia · Use adductor muscles to close shell
· Shell is divided into 2 halves (or valves) connected by a hinge
· Use adductor muscles to close shell
Has open circulatory system

16. Valves · Each valve contains 3 layers of cells secreted by mantle
a. Outer layer protects shell against acidic conditions
b. Middle layer is calcium carbonate
c. Inner layer is smooth and protects soft body. This is what forms a pearl.

17. Bivalves Bivalves are sessile
· They use muscular foot to dig into sand and become filter feeders
· Only mollusk not to have a radula
· Have 3 pairs of ganglia (nerves)
*near mouth
*near digestive tract
*near foot

18. Clams
· Buried in mud or sand
· Use siphons
1. Incurrent siphon allows food to enter, sticks to mucus on gills which enters mouth. Gases are also exchanged and sperm also enters here.
2. Excurrent siphons allow all waste materials to exit the clam

19. Reproduction Reproduction in fresh water clams vs. salt-water clams
· Sperm enters incurrent siphon and fertilization is internal
2. Salt-water
Egg and sperm are released into the water. Fertilization is external.

20. Cephalopoda
Chambered Nautilus

21. Show video
Hand out clam terms and clam anatomy
Dissect clam and define all terms