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2. Animal Circulation Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms

3. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport Or vesicular transport! Circulation of materials in the body osmosis diffusion active transport vesicular transport Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up

4. http://www.cruisecortez.com/img/jpg/sponge.jpg Sponge Morphology

5. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/life/slides/phyla/sponge.gif Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum

6. http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/images/anatepon/epo17b.jpg Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar flagellum microvilli

9. This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for feeding The yellow-brown color is due to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates Cnidarians have just the two tissue layers, so internal circulation is not critical, exchanges are diffusion

10. http://www.dec.ctu.edu.vn/sardi/mollusc/images/chiton.jpg http://www.birdsasart.com/red%20Chiton.jpg Polyplacophora: chitons The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces.

11. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 lectures/animal%20diversity/protostomes/chiton_ventral_surface.jpg After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious mollusc features. gills foot mouth (radula inside)

12. mouth radula valve plates gonad heart pericardial cavity (coelom) mantle anus foot digestive gland nephridium stomach ventral nerve cord (not shown) This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves). auricle ventricle nephridiopore gonopore hemocoel dorsal aorta

13. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/images/other_spec/scallop_eyes.jpg How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes! Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange

14. This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one. The foot can push a bivalve through sediments. The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange. The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart. This is an open circulation system. Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste. hinge and ligament nephridium mantle shell gills foot gonad intestine heart

15. Open Circulatory Systems Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin Fig 45.19 Page 917

16. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport. The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow. Seems inefficient for an active animal! Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system. Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed.

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq--zXVc8Ww Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects

18. http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel http://scied.fullerton.edu/VIDA/VIDAImages/U2M5Lumbriculus /F00005.html

19. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches) aortic arch What is NOT shown well in this cartoon?Gas exchange!

20. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes or BIRD Homeotherms! Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow. See Fig 45.22 pg 920

21. Respiratory/Circulatory Systems Fig 45.1 Page 903 Ventilation system

22. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) absorbing nutrients gas exchange glucose control nitrogenous waste gas exchange nutrient exchange blood cell replacement muscular pump

23. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates return from body …to lung …from lung …to body Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not! tricuspid valve semilunar valve mitral valve

24. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 1 2 3 4 LUB DUB!!

25. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker” atrial contraction “LUB” “DUB” and Purkinje fibers ventricular contraction Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!

26. An electrocardiogram (EKG): the electrical changes recorded from electrodes attached to the skin reveal the electrical activity of the heart. In abnormal heart behavior, this recording may reveal where trouble spots exist within the heart’s electrical controls. ventricle filling ventricle contraction ventricle relaxation ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization ventricular release Electrical Potential (mV) Blood Pressure (mm Hg) See Fig 45.25 pg 922

27. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Comparative structure of blood vessels Which of these has the greatest surface to volume ratio? High PressureLow Pressure Exchange See Fig 45.20 pg 918

28. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company artery vein smooth muscle no valves less smooth muscle valves significant

29. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Veins in valves: “check valves” prevent back flow during heart cycles: Pressure Pulse Pressure Subsides Valves prevent backflow abnormal valve during atrial contraction “varicose veins”

30. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Blood clotting (thrombosis) in a veinule A thrombus that breaks free and moves through the rest of the circulation system is called a thromboembolus and can lodge in other areas of the body resulting in pulmonary (lung) embolism, stroke (brain), or myocardial (heart) infarction. thrombus no flow blood flow

31. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Normal artiole Arteriole occluded with fatty plaque Blood flow will be restricted, oxygenation will be reduced. Even a small group of cells could completely cut off the flow (myocardial infarction). Atheroschloersis: “hardening of the arteries” plaque

32. Blood pressure varies with distance from heart mean pressure 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Distance traveled by blood from left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillaries veinules veins vena cava systolic pressure diastolic pressure Blood pressure (mm Hg) BP is usually measured in the radial artery When a sphygmomanometer gives a result of 120/80 mm Hg, it is interpreted as close to normal for men. See Fig 45.27 pg 923

33. Flow rate in blood vessels in a circulation system Branching explains why you don’t get the “thumb on the hose nozzle” effect AortaArteriesArteriolesCapillariesVenulesVeinsVena cava -5,000 -4,000 -3,000 -2,000 -1,000 Cross-sectional Area (cm 2 ) Distance travelled by blood from left ventricle 50- 40- 30- 20- 10- Velocity (cm/sec)

34. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Frog foot webbing capillaries come close to each body cell Human capillaries are only wide enough for one RBC to pass

35. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Capillary walls are a single endothelial celljoined at edges pinocytosis (vesicular transport) brings materials through capillary wall

36. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) and White Blood Cells

37. Figure 44.11 page 985 Figure 44.15 page 989

38. Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at the chelation site of iron (Fe) in heme: Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates! H3CH3C CC C C C C C C C C C C CH C C C C HC CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 H2CH2C H3CH3C COOH CH 2 COOH CH 3 N N N N Fe notice the resonating bond system to help trap the oxygen molecule in large electron cloud O=O..

39. tissue cell cytosol CO 2 O2O2 + H 2 OHCO 3 - + H + CO 2 + H 2 OHCO 3 - + H + CO 2 + HbO 2 H + + HbO 2 HHb + O 2 HbCO 2 + O 2 capillary plasma red blood cell Gas exchanges at the blood-tissue interface

40. O2 lungs tissues CO 2 H2OH2O HbO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 HHb HCO 3 - HHb O2O2 O2O2 HCO 3 - HbO 2 HCO 3 - H+H+ CO 2 H2OH2O HbO 2 CO 2 HbO 2 HCO 3 - H+H+ CO 2 O2O2 circulation direction

41. Percent saturation of Hb with O 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 Normal blood pH Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Unloading to tissues at normal pH RestLungsExercise Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange circulation

42. Percent saturation of Hb with O 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 Normal blood pH Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Low blood pH Unloading to tissues at normal pH Oxygen unloaded at low pH (high CO 2 ) RestLungsExercise Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange circulation

43. A placental mammal fetus has fetal hemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen than the mother’s hemoglobin in the placenta Percent saturation of Hb with O 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 Unloading to fetal tissues transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta Fetus Mother Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin

44. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Note: What kind of circulation is shown in placenta? Human and Maternal/Fetal circulation artery or vein? artery or vein? capillary bed veinules arterioles shunts away from lungs artery

45. The mammal body tissues possess myoglobin, which has an even higher affinity for oxygen: Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin Percent saturation of Hb with O 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 Unloading to fetal tissue myoglobin transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta Fetus Mother Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg) 0 20 40 60 80 100 See Fig 45.17 pg. 915

46. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) absorbing nutrients gas exchange glucose control nitrogenous waste gas exchange nutrient exchange blood cell replacement muscular pump