Ch 18 & 19 Ch 18 Pages Ch 19 Pages

 Objective 1: Identify the stages of fetal development from conception through pregnancy and birth.  Objective 2: Explain how a pregnant female transfers nutrients and other substances to her fetus.

Each month the uterus prepares for possible pregnancy. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining of the uterus (endometrium) isn’t needed and breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluid. These materials pass through the cervix and out the vagina. Menstruation typically lasts 5-7 days. Females typically wear either sanitary pads or tampons to absorb the blood flow.

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 Menstrual Cramps: Sometimes occurs at the beginning of a menstrual period. Light exercise or heating pad may help  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Caused by hormonal changes. Symptoms may be experienced 1-2 weeks before menstruation. Symptoms include nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain depression, mood swings, and fatigue.  Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): Serious bacterial infection that effects the immune system and liver, and can be fatal. To reduce the risk, use tampons with low absorbency and change often.

 Vaginitis: Is caused by a bacterial infection. If not treated with antibiotics, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.  Blocked fallopian tubes: Leading cause of infertility, may result from P.I.D., abdominal surgery, or STD’s.  Ovarian cysts: Fluid filled sacs on the ovary. Small cysts usually disappear on their own, large ones may require surgery.  Cervical, uterine, and/or ovarian cancer: Early sexual activity and STD’s are related to cervical cancer. Regular checkups are important for early detection and treatment

 Identical twins: result when a single egg has been fertilized by one sperm and forms two embryos. Identical twins have the same genetic information, are the same gender, and look almost exactly the same.  Fraternal twins: result when the ovaries release two eggs and are fertilized by two separate sperm. Each twin has a different genetic make up and they may or may not be of the same gender, and they do not look the same.

 Miscarriage: The spontaneous expulsion of a fetus that occurs before the twentieth week of pregnancy. (baby no longer develops and female has her period)  Stillbirth: A dead fetus expelled from the body after the twentieth week.  Women who use tobacco or drugs during pregnancy are more likely to experience a miscarriage or stillbirth.  A miscarriage or stillbirth doesn’t mean the mother did something wrong  Proper prenatal care can reduce the risks.

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