AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR EXPANSION OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

AMERICA PURSUES INTERESTS IN CHINA

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Taking advantage of China’s political disarray, Britain, Germany, France, and Russia each claimed their own sphere of influence A zone in which each power had exclusive access to Chinese ports and markets America didn’t have a sphere, which threatened its ability to trade in China

SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN HAY Hay began issuing notes to foreign diplomats in 1899 stating the U.S. expected “perfect equality of treatment for commerce” in China. This became the standard for Americans foreign policy in Asia

THE BOXER REBELLION A Chinese secret society called the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” resented foreign influence, so they killed foreign missionaries and attacked a diplomatic district in Beijing European, Japanese, and U.S. forces brought down the rebellion and demanded reparations, generating Chinese resentment

THE OPEN DOOR POLICY Secretary Hay issued another note to foreign diplomats stating the U.S. wanted to “preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity” Basically, free trade instead of colonies

TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN AMERICA & JAPAN

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Japan also wanted influence in China and resented Russia’s involvement there Japan attacked the Russian fleet then continued to attack on land In 1905, President Roosevelt helped negotiate peace between both sides He won a Nobel Peace Prize as a result!

A “GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT” Anti-Asian sentiment in the West grew In 1906 the San Francisco School Board banned Asian children from attending schools with white children Roosevelt disapproved and to calm tensions with Japan convinced the school board to end its policy if Japan would limit emigration to the U.S.

THE GREAT WHITE FLEET Although Roosevelt utilized diplomacy, he also wanted to demonstrate military preparedness He won congressional support for a new fleet of ship and sent 16 on a “good will cruise” around the world.

THE U.S. IN LATIN AMERICA

THE FORAKER ACT Puerto Rico remained under U.S. military rule after the Spanish- American War. In 1900 the U.S. issued the Foraker Act which established a civil government led by a governor appointed by the President The President would also appoint part of the legislature, but the Puerto Ricans could elect the rest

THE INSULAR CASES Whether Puerto Ricans had the rights of U.S. citizenship was unclear A series of Supreme Court cases settled the matter U.S. could levy taxes in Puerto Rico Puerto Ricans did not have all the same rights as Americans

THE PLATT AMENDMENT The U.S. pressured Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to its constitution before U.S. troops would be withdrawn in 1902 Restricted rights of Cubans Put Cuba in U.S. sphere Required Cuba to get approval from U.S. before signing treaties Required Cuba to lease naval stations to U.S. Granted U.S. “right to intervene”

“BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY Roosevelt liked the African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” He believed the U.S. had an obligation to uplift weaker nations, but needed to demonstrate military strength to do so.

THE PANAMA CANAL Previous plans for a canal across Central America had failed In 1903, Panama was controlled by Colombia. Roosevelt sent warships to support a Panamanian uprising After Panama declared its independence, it granted the U.S. control over the land for a canal (for a fee)

THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY The Monroe Doctrine (1823) had stated the U.S. would intervene in any attempts by European powers to colonize in Latin America Roosevelt asserted in 1904 that the U.S. would act as an intermediary in any potential conflict between Europe and Latin America

REFLECTION QUESTIONS When should the U.S. get involved inthe affairs of other countries? How did political, economic, social,military, or religious factors influenceU.S. imperialism in the early 20 th century?