Emergence of Civilization Unit 1 Chapter 1

Objectives: Understand the characteristics of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Eras Understand the agricultural revolution and how its development led to the “Beginnings of Civilization.” Know the characteristics of early civilizations.

After the year 0 scientists use the term 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 Before Common Era (BCE) Common Era (CE) Years BCE means “Before Common Era.” It is the same thing as B.C. (Before Christ). After the year 0 scientists use the term CE for Common Era. It is the same as A.D. (Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord).

Terms to Know PRE-HISTORY ARTIFACTS Period before writing was invented used pottery, buildings, bones, etc...to determine our best guess as to what life was like for them ARTIFACTS objects studied by archaeologists, shaped by humans, used to make our best guess of what life was like tools, pottery, weapons, toys.

Terms to Know Technology A change in thinking and practice about how we do something to become more efficient and productive with less effort. Culture The unique way that people live

Terms to Know ARCHAEOLOGISTS ANTHROPOLOGY scientists who analyze ARTIFACTS left by early people try to piece together what life was like Three step process of gathering and analyzing 1 - find site 2 - start digging 3 - analyze artifacts found a - determine location within/around a structure b - determine age of the artifact Vore Buffalo Jump ANTHROPOLOGY study of cultures, to gain a better understanding of their lives and things that effected them.

Stone Age Peoples Stone Age - Period when people used simple tools made of stone (arrow heads, axe heads) before writing was invented Old Stone Age - Paleolithic New Stone Age – Mesolithic & Neolithic

Stone Age Peoples Old Stone Age Paleolithic Era ‘Paleo’ means Old Stone Started about 2.5 Million years ago. Africa, China, Asia, Europe, and Americas

Old Stone Age Peoples Characteristics Nomadic Move with and in search of food Fished, hunted, gathered plants, roots, fruits, nuts and seeds. Travel in groups of related families No permanent shelters lived in caves and lean-tos Some organizational structures limited spoken languages Wore animal skins

Old Stone Age Peoples Learned to control fire light, cooking, protection and warmth Simple tools start to become more specialized Used bone & stone chipped to make sharp edges needles, axes, fish hooks, arrow heads, spear points

Old Stone Age Peoples Some basic religious beliefs but no real structure Cave drawings could help a hunt be productive Burying dead with food – Belief in an afterlife

End of Paleolithic Era/ Old Stone Age Marked by the end of the last Ice Age Glaciers start to melt and move back towards the poles Land bridges become covered with water as the oceans start to fill back up Believed to be the way in which people first came to this continent from Africa and Europe, following herds Changed the climate of many areas, deserts appeared with new plants

New Stone Age Peoples Stone Age Mesolithic Era ‘Meso’ meaning middle Lasted about 10,000 years 18,000 B.C.E. to 8000 B.C.E. Africa, China, Asia, Europe, Americas and Middle East (Mesopotamia)

New Stone Age Peoples Mesolithic Era Developed the Bow and Harpoons Tamed dogs, used for hunting of small animals Built canoes from hollowed out logs Cross large rivers Fish in deep waters

New Stone Age Peoples Neolithic Era ‘Neo’ meaning New Lasted about 4000 years 8000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E. Started grinding and polishing tools to sharper points and edges

New Stone Age Peoples Agricultural Revolution Permanent settlements Change from hunting and moving to farming Domesticated Animals – For work and food Dogs, Sheep, goats and pigs Women farmed, men hunted Permanent settlements Villages Built houses Some remained hunters & gatherers and nomadic

New Stone Age Peoples Growth of political structure Council of Elders Make decisions Settle disputes Developed more complete spoken languages Specialized tools Hoes – Granite Cloth – Wool Nets for fishing Pottery for cooking

New Stone Age Peoples Used animals for work Oxen to pull plows fertilizers Work more land, harvest more crops Support larger population Simple religions based upon nature Gods control the forces of nature Polytheistic – the belief in more than one god

New Stone Age Peoples Transportation Improvements Metals used Wheel is invented improved land transportation replaced the wooden sleds Sails for water transportation Quicker, more efficient means of travel Metals used Copper is the first Bronze mix of copper and tin - stronger metal

New Stone Age Peoples By 3000 B.C.E. all of these inventions and items are in use in some part of the world, BUT NOT ALL. Change in the way people lived and survived Brings more technological advances

Emergence of Civilization CIVITAS - Latin word meaning 'cities‘ Cities emerge at the end of the Neolithic era First Civilizations develops in four different areas independently of each other.

5 Characteristics of Civilization 1- Surplus of Food 2- Complex Institutions More complex government and religious High level of cooperation for the benefit of the group Technology Advances 3- Division of Labor Different people doing different jobs Creates a class of skilled worked called Artisans Merchants and Traders

5 Characteristics of Civilization 4- Writing - Record Keeping Priests were the first to start using marks or drawings which evolved into writing Needed to keep track of when to do important ceremonies and rituals to keep the gods happy A sacrifice at the wrong time could ruin a crop Scribes – Those who mastered the writing and reading of the symbols – Keep Secretive Government Births, deaths, taxes Ownership, marriages, business contracts, etc.. Became a way to pass down traditions, learning, wisdom, information, ideas and religious beliefs

Characteristics of Civilization 5- Calendar – at first, based on the moon for growing season Needed to know when river would flood Time from flood to flood was a year Time from full moon to next full moon was a month Not completely accurate – about 11 days off

GROWTH OF CITIES 4 Areas of the world develop independently of each other Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Middle East Valley of the Nile River in Africa – Egypt Indus River Valley in South Asia – India Yellow River Valley East Asia - China All Develop around Rivers Fertile soil Rivers consistently flood every year Bring moisture to the land Can be used for Transportation and food Fish and animals

GROWTH OF CITIES – Govt. Construction projects increased as number of people increased Organized projects Clear land for farming Irrigation systems for dry times of the year Temples and palaces Defense of cities from invaders - increased size and power of government

Religion POLYTHEISTIC - Belief in many Gods and Goddesses that control the forces of nature Believed in spirits Believed that the Gods controlled forces of nature Gave sacrifices to win the gods favor and get peace, good harvests, rainfall, etc. Gave thanks to Gods when the outcome was favorable Wanted to keep the Gods happy Priests gained power because they carried out the rituals to keep the gods happy Powerful positions in the governments

Religion THEOCRACY - Government controlled by a church or religion Military leaders worked in conjunction with priests to keep the gods happy and provided a defense against enemies Military leaders increased in power Became judges, made laws, supervised building projects Collected taxes - earliest system of taxation Labor for construction projects Part of harvest Used to pay for government and building projects

Economy and Society Technology was important made work easier, faster and more efficient Bronze Age - Vessels, tool, weapons, longer lasting Farming improved Develop use of irrigation through ditches and canals Fewer farms needed Excess food used for trading with merchants for goods Barter Economy - Trading goods or services for something you need Creates a demand for more specialized skills and goods Still used to some extent today Social structure starts to change Social Classes - Defines a persons place in society Movement between classes THEN --> No movement – born there die there NOW --> Movement is possible but still hard

Social Classes Kids generally took over parents profession or occupation Artisans - People with a specialized skill or trade Indentured Servants People working off debts

Family Women managed the family Cared for children, prepared food, made clothing Probably invented weaving and pottery making Probably discovered plants could be grown from seeds Increased women’s power and status as primary food provider Lead to the Agricultural Revolution and drastic change in the way people lived. As technology increased men became the primary food providers and primary authorities in society

Important Point to Note Although civilization developed in different areas and at different times there was still limited contact between them Trading Migration Wars Brought a spread of ideas, skills, and a diversity of culture – Cultural Diffusion

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