A Time of Conflict Chapter 9 Section 3

Americans in Foreign Seas 1785—ships from America returned from China w/cargo of tea and silk—highly profitable. By 1800—U.S. had nearly 1,000 ships trading around the world. War between ___________ and _____________ gave a boost to American shipping. Fr. & Br. Ships stayed at home to avoid being captured. __________ pirates from ________ and other Barbary Coast States (north Africa) captured ships in the Mediterranean. Demanded tribute—___________________--from European govts. to let ships pass safely.

War with Tripoli U.S. paid tribute, too—not enough, though! 1801—Tripoli ruler demanded more tribute!!! Jefferson refused. Ruler chopped down flagpole of American consulate—Declaration of ________. Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but it didn’t work. American fleet defeated by _____________. 1804—pirates seized U.S. warship _____________. Towed it into Tripoli Harbor (threw captain & crew into jail). 25 yr. old, U.S. Navy captain ______________, slipped into the guarded harbor w/small raiding party. He burned captured ship to prevent pirates from using it.

Freedom of the Seas June 1805—Tripoli stopped demanding tribute, but U.S. paid $60,000 ransom for release of prisoners. Jefferson won re-election in 1804. Started term w/nation at peace. 1803—U.S. enjoyed prosperous shipping w/Britain and France (who were at war w/each other). U.S. remained neutral and had ________________. Neutral rights--____________________________________. 1805—two nations lost patience w/”neutrality” Both nations would seize ships trading w/the other nation. British needed sailors for their naval war. British _______________ many American citizens & deserters. Forcing people to serve in navy was called _______________.

Attack on the Chesapeake June 1807—British intercepted the _____________. News of attack spread and an anti-British attitude formed once again. Jefferson sought action other than war. Banned some trade w/Britain. December 1807—Attack on Chesapeake triggered Republican Congress to pass the ______________. Embargo--________________________________________. It banned imports/exports to ALL foreign countries. Jeff. hoped to hurt Britain because of their dependence on agricultural products. Turned into a disaster!!! Hurt commerce w/other nations British just traded w/Latin America for ag goods. Repealed act in 1809.

War Fever Jefferson left after 2 terms. Republican ______________ took his place. Madison took office under unfavorable conditions. British still claimed right to halt American ships. 1810—U.S. permitted direct trade w/Britain and France—whichever lifted trade restrictions. Napolean promised to end restrictions, but tricked U.S. French continued to seize U.S. ships, sold them and pocketed the money. Madison still saw __________ as the bigger threat.

War Hawks Madison faced pressure for more aggressive policy toward British. Young elected group of Republicans in 1810 were known as the ________________. Came from the South and West and wanted war declared on Britain. War Hawks wanted to expand nation’s power. Had a renewed sense of American patriotism or loyalty to their country, known as _________________. Leading War Hawks were __________________ and James Calhoun (both in their 30’s). Hunger for land fueled war fever: Westerners wanted to move into southern Canada. Hawks urged more military spending & Congress quadrupled army’s size.

Declaring War Spring of 1812—Madison knew war w/Britain was inevitable. June 1—asked Congress for declaration of _____. In meantime, British ended policy of seizing U.S. ships. Because of time it took to get news to U.S. across the Atlantic, policy was not known in ________________. Word came too late and war had begun.