What Is Matter? Matter is anything that has volume and mass Volume is the amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of

You can’t REALLY see the particles. These drawings show what they might look like.

A solid is matter that has a definite shape, has mass and usually takes up a definite amount of space. Its particles are closely packed together. The particles have some energy. They move back and forth, but they do not change places with each other.

Volume of Solids The volume of any solid object is expressed in cubic units Cubic means “having three dimensions” Measure solids using the formula Length x Width x Height or l x w x h

Liquids takes the shape of any container into which you pour it. If you pour a liquid in a container onto a table, its shape changes, but the amount of liquid stays the same. Matter that does not have a definite shape and has mass, but takes up a definite amount of space, is a liquid.

Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of its container. Unlike a liquid, a gas expands to fill whatever space is available. A gas always fills the container it is in. The particles in a gas are very far apart from one another and move in all directions.

Volume of Gases The volume of any gas must be measured in a closed container

Phases of Matter Solids / Liquids / Gases

Freezing Freezing: The change of state fromFreezing: The change of state from liquid to a solid liquid to a solid As liquids cool their particles begin to slow, bringing them closer together forming crystals 0 ° Celsius 32 ° Fahrenheit

Melting Melting: The change of state from solid to liquid As a substance absorbs heat energy the objects particles begin to heat up and move faster and farther away from one another 0 ° Celsius 32 ° Fahrenheit

Boiling Boiling: process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surfaceBoiling: process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface Dependant on how strongly the particles in an object are held together 100 ° Celsius 212 ° Fahrenheit

Evaporation Evaporation: occurs when a liquid acquires enough energy to become a gas only on the surface of the liquidEvaporation: occurs when a liquid acquires enough energy to become a gas only on the surface of the liquid

Condensation Condensation: Occurs when a gas loses enough thermal energy to become a liquidCondensation: Occurs when a gas loses enough thermal energy to become a liquid Particles in a gas lose energy and begin to move slower, coming closer together

What happens when things melt, boil, etc. ? During a phase change, heat is either absorbed or releasedDuring a phase change, heat is either absorbed or released Solid to Liquid Liquid to Gas Gas to Liquid Liquid to Solid

What happens to substances when they are heated or cooled? When objects are heated...theyWhen objects are heated...they When objects are cooled...they ***Water is an exception...it actually expands as it cools – Rubber does the same

Mass Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of Weight is different from mass – weight is the measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object and therefore can change if the gravitational force changes Mass only changes if the amount of matter in the object changes

Describing Matter Matter is described by its properties – either physical properties or chemical properties

Physical Properties of Matter A physical property of matter can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter Color, size, shape, odor, mass, and volume are a few physical properties of matter - other examples include thermal conductivity, state, malleability, ductility, solubility, and density

Physical Properties of Matter Physical PropertyDefinitionExample Thermal ConductivityThe ability to transfer thermal energy from one are to another Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so hot chocolate in a plastic foam cup will not burn your hand StateThe physical form in which a substance exists (solid, liquid, gas) Ice is H 2 0 in its solid state, water in its liquid state, etc. MalleabilityThe ability to be pounded into thin sheets Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to make foil

Physical Properties of Matter Physical PropertyDefinitionExample DuctilityThe ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire Copper is often used to make wiring because of its malleability SolubilityThe ability to dissolve in another substance Sugar dissolves in water Density D = m/v Mass per unit volumeLead is used to make sinkers for fishing line because lead is more dense than water

Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties Examples of chemical properties are flammability and reactivity with other substances

Comparing Chemical & Physical Properties SubstancePhysical Property Chemical Property HeliumLess dense that air Nonflammable WoodGrainy texture Flammable Baking SodaWhite powder Reacts with acetic acid to produce bubbles Powdered SugarWhite powder Doe not react with acetic acid Rubbing AlcoholClear liquid Flammable Red Food Coloring Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color IronMalleable Reacts with oxygen

Physical and Chemical Changes A physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties

Physical Changes Because physical changes do not change the identity of substance, they are often easy to undo Examples of physical changes include –Freezing water for ice cubes –Sanding a piece of wood –Cutting your hair –Crushing an aluminum can –Bending a paper clip –Mixing oil and vinegar –Melting a stick of butter

Chemical Changes Clues to chemical changes include –Changes in color –Fizzing –Foaming –Heating up –Production of sound, light, or odor Examples of Chemical Changes include –Milk that has soured –Antacid tablets bubble when the citric acid and baking soda in them react with water –A rusting car