1st Regional Workshop: Improving National and Regional Disease Surveillance, Monitoring and Reporting Systems Belgrade, Serbia, July 2013 FAO Technical Cooperation Programme TCP/RER/3402 Assistance to Western Balkan Countries for Improving Compliance to International Standards on Aquatic Animal Health OIE Manual on Aquatic Animal Disease Surveillance Dr Sanin Tanković TCCT No1

One of the OIE objectives is: to safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products

Link between OIE standards and the WTO SPS Agreement World Trade Organization Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (1995) SPS Agreement - Art 2: Basic right ‘Members have the right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement’

3 sisters International Standard Setting Organisations food safety CODEX animal health and zoonoses OIE plant health IPPC WTO SPS Agreement recognises OIE as a reference organisation for international standards on animal health and zoonoses

WTO SPS agreement A country setting import health measures has 2 options: SPS Agreement: Article 3:3 based on an OIE international standard; OR Import Risk Analysis: in the absence of a relevant standard; or when a Member chooses to adopt a higher level of protection than that provided by the OIE standard.

OIE international standards Terrestrial Animal Health Code - mammals, birds and bees Aquatic Animal Health Code - amphibians, crustaceans, fish and molluscs Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals

The OIE standards applicable to international trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products are in the: Aquatic Animal Health Code and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals

What is the purpose of the Aquatic Code Recommend measures to be used by Veterinary Authorities or other Competent Authorities: to establish health regulations for the safe importation of aquatic animals and their products (i.e. protect animal and human health) while avoiding unjustified trade restrictions recommendations for the prevention and control of a aquatic animal diseases includes welfare of farmed fish

Relation between Aquatic code and Manual Aquatic Manual includes information on diagnostic tests The Aquatic Manual provides a uniform approach to the detection of the diseases listed in the OIE Aquatic Code, so that the requirements for health certification in connection with disease prevention and control programmes, and trade in aquatic animals and their products can be met.

Aquatic code horizontal chapters Section 1 : Animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and notification Notification of diseases and epidemiological information Criteria for listing aquatic animal diseases Diseases listed by the OIE Aquatic animal health surveillance Section 2 : Risk analysis General considerations Import risk analysis Section 3 : Quality of Aquatic Animal Health Services Quality of Aquatic Animal Health Services Communication (adopted May 2012)

Aquatic code horizontal chapters Section 4 : General recommendations: disease prevention and control Zoning/compartmentalisation Application of compartmentalisation Recommendations on disinfection Contingency planning Fallowing in aquaculture Handling, disposal and treatment of aquatic animal waste (adopted May 2010) Section 5 : Trade measures, import/export procedures and health certification General obligations for certification Certification procedures Criteria to assess safety of aquatic animal commodities (adopted May 2010) Safe transport Measures applicable before, during transit, on arrival of commodities Border posts Model health certificates for international trade

Aquatic code horizontal chapters Section 6 : Veterinary Public Health Control of hazards in aquatic animal feeds Introduction to recommendations for controlling antimicrobial resistance Principles for responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in aquatic animals (adopted May 2011) Monitoring of the quantities and usage patterns of antimicrobial agents used in aquatic animals (adopted May 2012) Development and harmonisation of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programmes for aquatic animals (adopted May 2012)

Aquatic code horizontal chapters Section 7 : Welfare of Farmed Fish Transport Stunning and killing for human consumption (adopted May 2010) Killing for disease control purposes (adoption 2012)

Disease specific chapters Section 8: Diseases of Amphibians 2 OIE-listed amphibian diseases Section 9: Diseases of Crustaceans 8 OIE-listed crustacean diseases Section 10: Diseases of Fish 9 OIE-listed fish diseases Section 11: Diseases of Molluscs 7 OIE-listed mollusc diseases

Section 1 : Animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and notification Notification of diseases and epidemiological information Criteria for listing aquatic animal diseases Diseases listed by the OIE

Principles of surveillance Surveillance may be based on many different data sources and can be classified in a number of ways, including:Surveillance –the means by which data are collected (targeted versus non-targeted); –the disease focus (pathogen-specific versus general surveillance); anddisease surveillance –the way in which units for observation are selected (surveys versus non-random data sources).

Surveillance activities include:Surveillance population-based surveys, such as:  systematic sampling at slaughter;  random surveys non-random surveillance activities, such as:surveillance  disease reporting or notifications; diseasenotifications  control programmes/health schemes;  targeted testing/screening;  post-mortem inspections;  laboratory investigation records;  biological specimen banks;  sentinel units;  field observations;  farm production records.

In addition, surveillance data should be supported by related information, such as:surveillance  data on the epidemiology of the disease, including environmental, and host and wild reservoir population distributions;disease  data on farmed and wild animal movements and trading patterns for aquatic animals and aquatic animal products, including potential for exposure to populations of wild aquatic animals, water sources or other contacts;aquatic animalsaquatic animal productsaquatic animals  national animal health regulations, including information on compliance with them and their effectiveness;  history of imports of potentially infected material; and  biosecurity measures in place.

The sources of evidence should be fully described. A survey should include a description of the sampling strategy used for the selection of units for testing. For non-random data sources, a full description of the system is required including the source(s) of the data, when the data were collected, and a consideration of any biases that may be inherent in the system. biases

Critical elements of surveillance 1.Populations 2.Epidemiological unit 3.Clustering 4.Case and outbreak definitions 5.Analytical methodologies 6.Testing 7.Quality assurance 8.Validation 9.Data collection and management

The following diseases of fish are listed by the OIE: Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Infection with Gyrodactylus salaris Infectious haematopoietic necrosis Infectious salmon anaemia Koi herpesvirus disease Red sea bream iridoviral disease Spring viraemia of carp Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia

The following diseases of molluscs are listed by the OIE:diseases Infection with abalone herpesvirus Infection with Bonamia ostreae Infection with Bonamia exitiosa Infection with Marteilia refringens Infection with Perkinsus marinus Infection with Perkinsus olseni Infection with Xenohaliotis californiensis.

The following diseases of crustaceans are listed by the OIE:diseases Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis Infectious myonecrosis Necrotising hepatopancreatitis Taura syndrome White spot disease White tail disease Yellow head disease.

The following diseases of amphibians are listed by the OIE:diseases Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection with ranavirus.

Thank you for your attention!