ANCIENT EGYPT Herodotus “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

ONLY “WONDER OF ANCIENT WORLD” THAT STILL EXISTS PYRAMIDS ONLY “WONDER OF ANCIENT WORLD” THAT STILL EXISTS +100 STILL EXIST WEST SIDE OF NILE

Step Pyramid “staircase to the stars”

Red Pyramid

“Bent” Pyramid

Avg. weight of a stone - 2.5 tons GIZA “Great” Pyramid 481’ high 2.3 million stones Avg. weight of a stone - 2.5 tons 20-30 years to build

The Valley of the Kings +60 buried

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut VALLEY of the QUEENS Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

EGYPTIAN RELIGION Polytheism Pharaohs = god took form of “Horus” [“protector of Egypt”] when ruling son of “Re” (Sun god) took form of “Osiris” at death (“god of underworld”) at death, life weighed against “Feather of MAAT” MAAT – truth, justice, order, right living provided “moral” base ”KA” = “Eternal Spirit” Believed to continue ruling Egypt in afterlife “Ka” needed the physical body to survive in afterlife Mummies

The heart beat differently when emotions/thoughts changed MUMMIes Anubis – god of embalming removed all organs (Canopic Jars), except the heart Felt heart controlled wisdom, knowledge, emotions (“CPU”) --Why would Egyptians feel it was the heart and not the brain? 70 days “Hired Mourners” “Opening of the Mouth” Cermony priest touched mouth which restored the senses beginning of “Journey to the Afterlife” The heart beat differently when emotions/thoughts changed

Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 BC Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.

Preparation for the Afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

EGYPTIAN UNDERWORLD “Heart of the Two Truths” “Book of the Dead” ”passport” through dangers of underworld ”Solar Bark” “Heart of the Two Truths” Anubis weighed the heart (body’s dvd recorder) against “feather of MAAT” Scarab beetle placed on heart to prevent it from testifying against the person Chapter 30 from the Book of the Dead: “O my heart which I had upon earth, do not rise up against me as a witness in the presence of the lord of things; do not speak against me concerning what I have done, do not bring up anything against me in the presence of the great god of the west...“ -if judged as sinner = “Devourer of Souls” “Ankh” sign of life

BEGINNING OF FIRST DYNASTY Menes: United Egypt 3050 BC BEGINNING OF FIRST DYNASTY PHARAOH = GOD Responsible for well-being of Egypt THEOCRACY

OLD KINGDOM “Pyramid Age” Egyptian history divided into 3 time periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom OLD KINGDOM “Pyramid Age” Time: 2650 BC – 2150 BC # of dynasties 4 Accomplishments: Pyramid building Strong Central Government Strong Economy Stronger Arts Most peaceful time period

1st ILLNESS Reason for collapse of Old Kingdom: Time: 2150 BC – 2040 BC # of dynasties: 4 Reason for collapse of Old Kingdom: 1)Poor flooding of the Nile River Pharaoh could not improve Power of pharaoh decreased Power of Nomarchs increased powerful nobles

MIDDLE KINGDOM Time: 2040 BC – 1640 BC # of dynasties: 3 Accomplishments: Pharaohs power -weakened nomarchs Nile flooded better Re-United Egypt -Mentuhotep II (2nd founder) Building Campaign Stronger Economy Commoners had afterlife

These helped strengthen and “modernize” Ancient Egypt 2nd ILLNESS Time: 1640 BC – 1550 BC # of dynasties: 4 Reason for fall of Middle Kingdom: 1)Invasion by Hyksos allowed Pharaohs to continue ruling more concerned with “Tribute” a)bronze b)war from chariots c)better bow/arrow d)new spinning/weaving e)Nationalism These helped strengthen and “modernize” Ancient Egypt

NEW KINGDOM Time: 1550 BC – 1070 BC # of dynasties: 12 Accomplishments: 1)King Ahmose kicked Hyksos out of Egypt 2)Re-United Egypt 3)Very militaristic 4)Empire building 5)Extreme wealth/prosperity 6)Massive building campaign 7)Pharaohs tombs placed in “Valley of the Kings”

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS Thutmose I -- 1520 BC – 1492 BC expanded Egyptian borders ”Hammer of the Nubians” hung the Nubian king from prow of his ship 1st to have tomb in “Valley of the Kings” Queen Hatshepsut – 1518 BC – 1484 BC female pharaoh (Sobeknefru – 1st) dressed like a man – wore beard increased trade/economy avoided war tremendous building program

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS Thutmose III – 1479 BC – 1425 BC ”Napoleon of Egypt” Egyptian Empire reached its largest pierced ears Akhenaton – 1352 BC – 1334 BC ”Heretic King” – changed religion to monotheism Aton was only god looked like a female everything associated with Akhenaton was destroyed after his death

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS Tutankamen (King Tut) – 1333 BC – 1325 BC ”Boy King” (age 9) Re-established polytheism 1922 – Howard Carter found his tomb Valley of the Kings ”Curse of King Tut”

“King Tut” Solid Gold 2500 lbs $13 million

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS Ramses II (“the Great) – 1279 BC – 1213 BC ruled 67 years 150 - 160 children tremendous builder (Abu Simbel) consumed with his “legacy” (Master of Political Spin) -Battle of Kadesh (political spin) >v. Hittites (iron / 3 man chariots) >Official version – TIE >Ramses version – RAMSES WON -had monuments built inscribed with him winning -no contrary sources after death, gradual decline of New Kingdom overextended, revolts, immorality/corruption

EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS Medicine – Mummification Irrigation Calendar Astrology – est. a form of “Poor Man’s Almanac” Pyramids (Mathematics) Hieroglyphics (wrote on Papyrus)

24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

Jean Francois Champollion Rosetta Stone

Egyptian Math What number is this? 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this?

EGYPTIAN SOCIETY LIFE EXPECTANCY MARRIAGE EDUCATION BEAUTY FOOD >living past 40 was rewarded by government MARRIAGE >similar to our concept of marriage >kids died w/in 1st year (IMR = 60-70%) >children seen as a blessing if lived past 1 yr EDUCATION >boys from wealthy families from ages 12-16 >poor families followed job of dad >girls focused on home/family BEAUTY >loved the body >facial hair = unclean >”perfume cones” FOOD >fish, beer, bread, honey, peas, beans, onions, lettuce/cabbage, turnips, figs, grapes >little/to no beef – geography made it difficult