Plato’s G ORGIAS Plato’s Gorgias shows Socrates in dialogue with the great rhetorician, one of his students, and an aspiring Athenian politician on the theme of the good life.

PLATO’S GORGIAS Background: role of rhetoric (rhetorike) or oratory in the world of Greek city-state (polis) I.Prologue: Socrates arrives at home of Callicles II.Logos: Socrates vs. Gorgias, Polus, Callicles –What is a rhetorician? ( ) – truth and persuasion –What good is rhetoric? (466-81) – ethics –What is the good life? ( ) – ethics and metaethics III.Epilogue: Callicles should first choose the path of ethics, then turn to politics, to save his soul Each stage in the dialogue ‘reveals’ a deeper ethical conflict

What is the power of rhetoric? Gorgias vs. Socrates Rhetoric = greatest power, i.e. freedom and rule Rhetoricians = able to persuade juries, voters, leaders Rhetoricians dominate and rule society Rhetoric = little or no power (to benefit self/other) Rhetoricians = unable to teach right politics or self-knowledge Rhetoricians corrupt society and themselves

Part I: Socrates and Gorgias What is rhetoric? Gorgias What does rhetoric involve? –The ability to persuade, esp. by emotional appeal Why does he agree the rhetor must teach ethics? –B/c he does not want to oppose conventional ethical belief Why does Socrates ask re: rhetoric and math? –B/c math ‘persuades’ not just to belief but “belief with reason (logon, explanation)” Socrates What does real art (techne) involve? –Knowledge of why/how it works –Aim at real good of client What would a ‘real art of rhetoric’ involve? –Aim at real good of person –Explain/justify its truth Does it exist? –= Socratic dialectic?

What is the power of rhetoric? Where do the myths stop and the realities begin?

Socrates: True vs. Counterfeit Arts False arts of body & soul: corrupt, don’t aim at the good lack knowledge of their method and subject create a distorted society, reflect false values True arts of body & soul: benefit, aim at the human good possess knowledge of their subject and method create a well-ordered society, based on true values

Part II: Socrates and Polus (“Colt”) Student of Gorgias Realizes his teacher was ashamed to argue it may be in your self-interest to do injustice, even if it is less honorable Thinks of rhetorician and tyrant as having the greatest power and goods

What would you do? You are in an experiment. If you push the button, you will receive $5M tax free. But somewhere in India, a poor man will die. –Would it be foolish? –Would it be wrong? –What would you do? Consider if: –You would never be punished. –You became convinced there was no afterlife, heaven or hell. –You were told that after you pushed the button, you would be hypnotized, so you would not remember doing it, and never have to feel guilty. Would you change your decision?

A critical distinction S: How can rhetoricians or tyrants have great power in states, unless Polus can prove that they do as they will? --Why, have you not already said that they do as they think best? S: And I say so still. --Then surely they do as they will? S: I deny it. --But they do what they think best? S: Yes. --That, Socrates, is monstrous and absurd. What is Socrates’ distinction? –Do what ‘seems fit’= apparent good –Do what you want = your real good Is it valid? Socrates: people who choose against their real good are not truly free.

Socratic Agon with Polus I.Is rhetoric powerful? ( ): rhetoric is powerful only if it leads to real self-benefit II.It is better to suffer than do injustice (474-76): Socrates throws him on if it is more shameful to do injustice than suffer it III.It is better to be punished for injustice than get away with it (476-80)

Contrasting Value Systems Soc. Doing injustice is the greatest of evils. Pol. Is not suffering injustice greater? Soc. Certainly not. Pol. You’d suffer rather than do wrong? Soc. I should not like either, but if I must choose, I would rather suffer than do. … Pol. Socrates, would say you do not even know if the great king is a happy man? Soc. I do not know how he stands in the matter of education (paideia) and justice. Pol. What! does happiness consist in this? Soc. Yes, indeed, Polus, that is my view; the men and women who are fine and good are happy, and the unjust and evil are miserable. 469b-471a Socrates’ view has been called the “sovereignty of virtue,” insofar as he makes moral integrity prior to every other kind of good, including power, pleasure, even life itself Polus: the good = –Rhetoric –Power/pleasure Socrates: the good = –Education (inc. philosophy) –Justice

First elenchus of Polus (474b-76a) 1.It is more shameful to do injustice than to suffer it. 2.Shameful, ignoble things are painful or evil. 3.If doing injustice is > shame than suffering it, it must either be > pain or > evil to do it. 4.It is not > pain to do it--it is > pain to suffer. 5.Therefore, it is worse & > evil to do injustice than to suffer it. –Valid? –Agree with it? –If not, why not?

Part III: Socrates and Callicles Callicles: Polus was refuted because he ‘compromised’ with morality I. Callicles ( ): Law of nature: better and more honorable to do vs. suffer injustice Nature vs. Convention: –Egoism –Hedonism –Aristocracy II. Socrate vs. Hedonism ( ): Metaphysics: the good, self-care, psychic order ( ) True art of politics ( ): Myth of the afterlife ( )

Callicles: nature vs. morality, the individual vs. society 1.Ethical egoism: Rational = do only what is in your self interest Nobler to do wrong than suffer it 2. Master/slave theory Masters rule, slaves moralize Nature/history = war, with strong dominaing 3. Hedonism (vulgar)‘ good = pleasure Pleasure = maximum satisfaction of desires, having power to let them grow

Socratic-Platonic Anti-Hedonism 1.A hedonistic person is like a “leaky jar,” which constantly is being filled and emptied & this is not good, compared to a temperate, well-contained person 2.A hedonistic person will flee from pain and suffering, and therefore will not be courageous—but a ‘real man’ like Callicles must value the virtue of courage.

Would you choose the wire? It is Normal life has become very difficult in the 21 st century. However, a new option occurs: at legal age, people can choose to “drop out” and live a fantasy life until they die. This life includes visual and hedonic stimuli. It answers the human quest for happiness. Do you choose the wire?

Socratic-Platonic Ethics 1.Pursue what reason says is best [rational egoism] 2.The good = “flourishing self- actualization” [eudaimonism] 3.Everyone wants [wills] the good 4.True good not = pleasure but a well-ordered soul 5.Virtue makes the soul well- ordered 6.Therefore everyone wants a virtuous soul

Socratic-Platonic Politics Background: Pericles’ Imperial Democracy The goal of the true politician? –Virtuous citizens, not wealth and power What is are the means of the true politician? –Persuasion or constraint How apply this to laws? –Vs. imperialism –Pro education –Pro ‘moral constraints on freedom’ (?)

Epilogue and Mythos: Socratic-Platonic Religion The souls of the just go to the Isles of the Blessed, the souls of the wicked to Tartarus. “This faith is true.” (524b) Socrates seeks to “practice [this] truth” (526d) What does ‘truth’ mean here? Is this myth part of Socratic-Platonic politics?