1. History of Philosophy

2. What is philosophy?  Philosophy is what everyone does when they’re not busy dealing with their everyday business and get a change simply to wonder what life and the universe are all about.  Philosophy is not so much about coming up with the answers to fundamental questions as it is about the process of trying to find these answers, using reasoning rather than accepting without question conventional views or traditional authority.

3. The first ∧ philosophers  Greek and Chinese  Unsatisfied with established explanations provided by religion and custom documented

4. Zeus Hey, girl.

6. Natural Philosophers Metaphysics

7. Farming Technology

9. Urbanization

10. Thales of Miletus – C624-546 BCE EVERYTHING IS MADE OF WATER

11. Pythagoras – c.570-495 BCE  Everything in the universe conforms to mathematical rules and ratios  So if we understand number and mathematical relationships…  … we come to understand the structure of the cosmos  Mathematics is the key model for philosophical thought  Number is the ruler of idea.

12. Of what is the world made?

13. Metaphysics  Heraclitus  Parmenides  Democritus

14. Athens – Urban Expansion

15. Café Rational Justification  Discussion amongst friends

16. I know a guy who knows a guy…

17. You interested in some philosophy?

18. Ways of Knowing  “schools” taught both:  Thesis  methods of analysis

19. Thinking about Thinking  Debate and dialogue  Existence and knowledge  Morality, art, and politics  Math and Science

20. Socrates 469 BCE Questioning methods of questioning THE LIFE WHICH IS UNEXAMINED IS NOT WORTH LIVING.

21. Q. So you think that the gods know everything? A. Yes, because they are gods. Q. Do some gods disagree with others? A. Yes, of course they do. They are always fighting. Q. So gods disagree about what is true and right? A. I suppose they must do. Q. So some gods can be wrong sometimes? A. I suppose that is true. Therefore the gods cannot know everything!

22. Plato EARTHLY KNOWLEDGE IS BUT SHADOW.

23. Aristotle TRUTH RESIDES IN THE WORLD AROUND US.

24. Rise of the Roman Empire

25. Metaphysics in North Africa

26. Medieval Philosophy Theology and Philosophy Of what is the soul made?

27. Renaissance & Reformation Sciences and Christianity

28. Many philosophical movements  Realism – Machiavelli  The end justifies the means.  Humanism – de Montaigne  Fame and tranquility can never be bedfellows  Empiricism – Bacon  Knowledge is power.  Physicalism – Hobbes  Man is a machine

29. Rationalism I THINK THEREFORE I AM. Rene Descartes 1596-1650 CE

30. An evil demon may be making me believe things that are false. There is nothing of which I can be certain. But when I say “I am. I exist”, I cannot be wrong about this. An evil demon could try to make me believe this only if I really do exist. I am thinking, therefore I exist.

31. Rationalism The belief that knowledge comes from reason alone.

32. TOK Moment  Language  Reason  Emotion  Sense Perception  Intuition  Imagination  Memory  Faith

33. DIALECTIC PROCESS Thesis – Antithesis – Synthesis

34. Empiricism All knowledge comes from experience. John Locke said, “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.”

35. Dialectic Process RationalismEmpiricism

36. Dialectic Process PhysicalismIdealism Hobbes said, “Man is a machine.” Physicalism, sometimes called Materialism, stresses that everything is dependent of physical processes. Berkeley said, “To be is to be perceived.” Idealism takes a spiritual interpretation of experience.

37. The Age of Revolution  Scepticism – Voltaire  Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd.  Empiricism – Hume  Custom is the great guide of human life.  Social Contract Theory – Rousseau  Man was born free yet everywhere he is in chains  Transcendental Idealism – Kant  There are two worlds: our bodies and the external world

38. The Age of Revolution  Conservatism – Burke  Society is indeed a contract.  Feminism – Wollstonecraft  Mind has no gender  Idealism – Hegel  Reality is a historical process.  Idealism – Schopenhauer  Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world

39. Existentialism Søren Kierkegaard ANXIETY IS THE DIZZINESS OF FREEDOM.