NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES Chapter 1, Section 2

ANASAZI 1500 BC Lived in Southwest of present-day United States Grew beans, maize, squash Irrigated crops = increased food production Skilled basket makers and potters AD 1300 – drought, disease, and raids by nomadic tribes led them to leave villages

ANASAZI (continued) Built pueblos – homes made of a heavy clay called adobe

ANASAZI (continued) Built kivas – underground ceremonial chambers They were used as sacred areas for religious events.

MOUND BUILDERS 1000 BC to AD 1700s Eastern part of North America Supported population with agriculture and trade Built large burial mounds to honor dead (similar to pyramids)

MOUND BUILDERS (continued) Hopewell – lived along Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri River valleys

MOUND BUILDERS (continued) Mississippians – skilled farmers and traders who lived in the same areas as the Hopewell They built the city of Cahokia (near St. Louis, MO.) which had more than 100 temple and burial mounds

NORTH AND NORTHWEST Arctic Groups Located in Alaska and Canada Inuit – built igloos, hide tents, and huts Aleut – lived in multifamily, underground homes Both groups fished, hunted, and used dogs to pull sleds

NORTH AND NORTHWEST (continued) Pacific Northwest Located in Washington and Oregon Carved totems – tall, wooden poles with images of ancestor or animal spirits

WEST AND SOUTHWEST California Region Located in between Pacific Coast and Sierra Nevada Food was plentiful, so there was no need to farm. Acorns were grounded into flour Fished and hunted deer Lived in groups of families of about 50 to 300 Some groups - Hupa, Miwok, Yokuts

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Great Basin Located east of Sierra Nevada Mountains Dry climate Gathered seeds, dug roots, trapped small animals Some groups - Paiute, Shoshone, Ute

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Located Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas Irrigated land, grew maize, squash, and beans Pueblo Groups – Hopi and Zuni Religion focused around rain and maize Performed rituals hoping to bring rain and successful maize crops

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Apache and Navajo Located near Pueblo groups Nomadic tribes Hunted small animals and foraged for food Supported themselves by raiding Pueblo villages

GREAT PLAINS Huge region that stretched from Canada to Texas Hunted buffalo, deer, and elk Buffalo skins used for shields, clothing, and coverings for teepees Nomadic hunters used spears and bows used corrals to trap game in a ring of fire

GREAT PLAINS (continued) Built teepees – cone-shaped shelters Some groups, such as the Pawnee, were farmers of maize, squash, and beans Pawnee were matrilineal – people who traced their ancestry through mothers, not fathers

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST Located along the Atlantic Coast Rich in sources of food and shelter Plenty of animals, fish, and wood Many river valleys to provide fresh water Southeastern Groups Cherokee, Creek, Seminole Lived in faming villages governed by councils

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued) Northeastern Groups Algonquian Hunters and gatherers Wampum – strings of beads used as money Iroquois Farmers, hunters, traders Longhouses – rectangular homes made from logs and bark that housed 8 to 10 families

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued) IROQUOIS LEAGUE Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy This was an alliance between the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca The league would wage war but also make peace with non-Iroquois groups The league made the Iroquois one of the most powerful Native American groups

SHARED RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Religion was linked to nature Spiritual forces were everywhere Ex: heavenly bodies, sacred places on Earth, animals, and plants Ceremonies were performed to connect people to Earth and Sky Earth and Sky were givers of life

PROPERTY Land was to be used by everyone in the village Individual ownership only applied to crops one grew Native Americans believed the land should be preserved for future generations