WHAT IS AN ACID?

A SUBSTANCE THAT PRODUCES HYDROGEN IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER.

WHAT IS A BASE?

A SUBSTANCE THAT PRODUCES HYDROXIDE IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER.

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN ACID.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HCl

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A BASE.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

WHAT MAKES AN ACID OR A BASE A STRONG ACID OR BASE?

THEY DISSOCIATE COMPLETELY IN SOLUTION. A STRONG ACID DISSOCIATES INTO HYDROGEN ION AND THE ANION OF THE ACID. HCl  H + + Cl - A STRONG BASE DISSOCIATES INTO HYDROXIDE ION AND THE CATION OF THE BASE. NaOH  Na + + OH -

WHAT MAKES AN ACID A WEAK ACID OR A BASE A WEAK BASE?

THEY ONLY PARTIALLY DISSOCIATE (BREAK APART) IN SOLUTION.

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A WEAK ACID.

ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR IS ~3% ACETIC ACID.)

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A WEAK BASE.

AMMONIA IS A WEAK BASE NH 3 + H 2 O  NH OH -

WHAT SCALE IS USED TO MEASURE THE ACIDITY OR BASCITY OF SOLUTIONS?

THE pH SCALE

ON THE pH SCALE, WHAT IS THE pH OF A NEUTRAL SOLUTION?

7

ON THE pH SCALE, WHAT IS THE pH OF A BASIC SOLUTION?

GREATER THAN 7

ON THE pH SCALE, WHAT IS THE pH OF AN ACIDIC SOLUTION?

LESS THAN 7

GIVE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACID.

1)THEY HAVE A SOUR TASTE 2)THEY TURN BLUE LITMUS RED 3)THEY REACT WITH BASES TO PRODUCE WATER AND A SALT 4)THEY REACT WITH ACTIVE METALS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN 5)THEY REACT WITH CARBONATES TO RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS

GIVE 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A BASE.

1)THEY HAVE A BITTER TASTE 2)THEY FEEL SLIPPERY 3)THEY TURN RED LITMUS BLUE 4)THEY REACT WITH ACIDS TO PRODUCE A SALT AND WATER 5)THEY REACT WITH MOST METAL CATIONS TO FORM A PRECIPITATE

WHAT CAUSES ACID RAIN?

OXIDES OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN PRODUCED FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES (COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS AND CARS AND TRUCKS)

WHY IS ACID RAIN IMPORTANT?

THERE IS A NARROW RANGE THAT FISH AND OTHER ORGANISMS IN STREAM CAN TOLERATE.

HOW COULD YOU DETERMINE THE pH OF A WATER SAMPLE?

BY USING INDICATOR DYES OR pH ELECTRODES.

LIST 3 FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION.

1)THE NATURE OF THE REACTANTS 2)SURFACE AREA IF A SOLID IS INVOLVED 3)CONCENTRATION 4)TEMPERATURE 5)CATALYST

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAJOR POINTS OF THE COLLISION THEORY OF REACTIONS?

1)THERE MUST BE COLLISIONS BETWEEN THE ATOMS AND MOLECULES REACTING. 2)THE MOLECULES MUST HAVE THE RIGHT ORIENTATION. 3)THE REACTING PARTICLES MUST COLLIDE WITH ENOUGH ENERGY FOR A REACTION TO OCCUR.

USING THE COLLISION THEORY, HOW COULD YOU EXPLAIN HOW AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE COULD AFFECT THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION.

AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES, YOU HAVE MORE COLLISIONS PER UNIT TIME BECAUSE THE PARTICLES ARE MOVING FASTER. THEY ALSO COLLIDE WITH MORE ENERGY SINCE THEY ARE MOVING FASTER.

Particle Name Mass, amu ChargeLocation FILL OUT THE TABLE BELOW WITH INFORMATION ON THE PARTS OF AN ATOM.

Particle Name Mass, amu ChargeLocation Proton1+nucleus Neutron10nucleus Electron0-shell FILL OUT THE TABLE BELOW WITH INFORMATION ON THE PARTS OF AN ATOM.

WHY DOES WATER HAVE SUCH UNUSUAL PROPERTIES?

IT IS A POLAR MOLECULE BECAUSE THE HYDROGEN-OXYGEN BONDS ARE POLAR COVALENT BONDS.

NAME 3 UNUSUAL PROPERTIES OF WATER.

1)IT HAS A HIGH BOILING POINT AND MELTING POINT. 2)IT HAS A HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION. 3)IT HAS A HIGH HEAT OF FUSION. 4)IT HAS A VERY HIGH SURFACE TENSION. 5)THE SOLID IS LESS DENSE THAN THE LIQUID. 6)IT IS A GOOD SOLVENT FOR IONIC AND POLAR COMPOUNDS.

WHAT ARE THE TWO MORE COMMON CRYSTALINE FORMS OF CARBON?

GRAPHITE AND DIAMOND

COMPARE THE PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE TO THOSE OF DIAMOND.

DIAMOND IS THE HARDEST SUBSTANCE KNOWN. GRAPHITE IS SOFT. POWDERED GRAPHITE CAN BE USED AS A LUBRICANT. DIAMOND IS AN INSULATOR. GRAPHITE IS A GOOD CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY.

WHAT IS CHEMICALLY SPECIAL ABOUT CARBON?

IT CAN FORM FOUR COVALENT BONDS WITH ITSELF OR OTHER ELEMENTS, SO YOU HAVE LITERALLY MILLIONS OF CARBON CONTAINING COMPOUNDS. MANY OF THE COMPOUNDS NECESSARY TO LIFE ARE CARBON BASED.

CAN YOU BURN A DIAMOND?

YES, INDEED. IT COMBUSTS TO CO 2, AND IT LEAVES NO RESIDUE.