Adverbs and Adjectives Parts of Speech

Adjectives Adjectives describe or modify nouns. Noun = shoes His shoes are red. There are three shoes. The shoes are shiny.

Compound Adjectives Two or more adjectives often appear together separated with commas Brad’s tiny, tight swimsuit showed off his hairy belly The words “tiny” and “tight” each work separately to modify “swimsuit” Connect the words with a hyphen when they function together before a noun Brad’s gold-plated piercings stood out against his bright-red sunburn “Gold-plated” and “bright-red” are compound adjectives

Compound Adjectives Do not hyphenate the words when they come after the noun they modify Notice the difference in these examples Brad was well known along the boardwalk (no hyphen) His SUV was fully equipped Brad worked full time on his tan Brad was a well-known jerk (hyphenated) He drove a fully-equipped SUV Brad was a full-time chick magnet

Adverbs Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. He ran quickly. He ran very quickly. She is really busy. She is not worried.

More About Adverbs Adjectives can usually be made into adverbs by adding “ly” to the end. Quick => Quickly Beautiful => Beautifully Sneaky => Sneakily Expensive => Expensively

Recognizing Adjectives & Adverbs Many words have both an adjective and adverb form Adjective Adverb Happy kids Playing happily Smooth rock Running smoothly Good night Eating Well Efficient workers Working efficiently Casual dress Dressing casually Quick meeting Talking quickly hopeful children Waiting hopefully Real butter Really hot

Double Comparatives Don’t use “more” or “most” with –er or –est Yesterday was more hotter than today That was the most dirtiest story I ever heard You are the bestest teacher

adjective => adverb Irregular Adverbs adjective => adverb good => well fast => fast hard => hard little => little Other Irregular Adverbs: very, much, not.

Comparatives and Superlatives Most adverbs and adjectives also have a comparative and superlative form Simple Comparative Superlative Hot Hotter Hottest Good Better Best Exciting More exciting Most exciting Careful Less careful Least careful Use the comparative form to compare two things Sally is the larger of the twins (not largest) Use the superlative form to compare three or more August was the hottest month of the year

Practice Write each sentence. Underline the adjectives. Circle the adverbs.

1 The mean teacher angrily called parents.

2 The bitter student did not care.

3 The very sleepy student took a quick nap.

4 The old dog could barely wag his tail.

5 Six sacks were secretly stacked with sticks.

Absolute Concepts Don’t use comparatives or superlatives with absolute concepts Absolutes have only two possibilities, on or off, yes or no, with nothing in between The most perfect student in the class A very unique idea (say “very unusual” instead) These words express absolute concepts that cannot be modified More priceless Sort of dead Quite on A little bit pregnant Very unanimous Extremely perfect Quite unique Completely anonymous

Don’t use adjectives when adverbs are needed You did a real nice job (an adjective can’t modify another adjective) You did a really nice job (the adverb “really” modifies “nice”) He did good He did well or He did a good job Fuel injection helps the car run efficient Fuel injection helps the car run efficiently Come quick! Come quickly! Hopefully, it won’t rain (an adverb explains how something will happen I hope that it won’t rain

Don’t use needless adverbs Before using any of these words, check to see if they add anything to the sentence Really, very, absolutely, extremely, quite, actually, somewhat, rather I am really happy to see you Grammar is very boring You are absolutely correct Her language was extremely crude You are quite intelligent Context will help you decide whether to retain the underlined words Keep them only if they add to the meaning Bill Gates is very rich. I hope he gives me some money. Most college instructors are poor; their students are very poor. Note: the terms “good success” and “real good success” have been reserved for sports broadcasters; do not use them

Answers The mean teacher angrily called parents. The bitter student did not care. The very sleepy student took a quick nap. The old dog could barely wag his tail. Six sacks were secretly stacked with sticks.