Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell Cells differ (200 types), but share general structures Cells are organized into three main regions –Nucleus –Cytoplasm –Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus - Control center Contains genetic material (DNA) –Nuclear envelope w/ pores –Nucleolus –Chromatin Figure 3.1b
nuclear pores nucleus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Makes proteins, membranes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Transport vesicle buds off Riboso me Sug ar chai n Glycopro tein Secretory (glyco-) protein inside transport vesicle ROUGH ER Polypept ide Figure 4.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Golgi complex finishes, sorts, and ships cell products Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi Golgi apparatus “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Figure 4.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings sacs of digestive enzymes –digest food. bacteria –recycle damaged organelles –embryonic development –waste storage Pombe’s disease - glycogen Tay-Sachs disease - lipids Lysosomes LYSOSOME Nucleus Figure 4.11A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.11B Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane LYSOSOMES “Food” Engulfment of particle Food vacuole Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings synthesizes lipids regulates carbohydrate metabolism (liver) breaks down toxins and drugs (liver) Stores Ca++ in muscle cells Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.16 Outer membrane Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Matrix cellular respiration provides energy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings network of protein fibers - microfilaments, microtubules The CYTOSKELETON helps organize a cell’s structure and activities Figure 4.17A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings appendages that protrude from certain cells Function: movement Made of microtubules wrapped in the plasma membrane Centrioles - movement of chromosomes in cell division Cilia and flagella
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal cells - surrounded by an extracellular matrix –sticky layer of glycoproteins –binds cells together in tissues –protects and support cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Membrane junctions –Tight junctions –Desmosomes –Gap junctions Figure 3.3 Microvilli –increase surface area for absorption
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues Cells = building blocks of all living things Carry out chemical activities needed for life Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings