1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 3 Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Standard- SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions.  d. Relate cellular metabolism and transport to homeostasis and cellular reproduction  e. Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types.

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Questions  Essential Question(s): How are anatomical structures (body parts) related to physiological Functions (how they move)?  Key Questions:  What are organelles?  What are the different organelles and their functions?  What are the different types of cells?  What are the tissue types?  What is cellular metabolism?  What is cellular transport?  How do cellular metabolism and cellular transport affect homeostasis & cellular reproduction?

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Theory  All cells come from pre-existing cells  Cell are the basic unit of structure and function  All living things are composed of cells

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  All cells have three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear envelope (membrane)  Nucleolus  Chromatin

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Figure 3.1b

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Nuclear envelope (membrane)  Barrier of the nucleus  Consists of a double membrane  Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Nucleoli  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome assembly  Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Present when the cell is not dividing  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2 Membrane Structure PLAY

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Impermeable junctions  Bind cells together into leakproof sheets  Desmosomes  Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart  Gap junctions  Allow communication between cells

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Figure 3.3

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions) PLAY Tight Junctions PLAY

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Contains three major elements  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell  Inclusions  Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough endoplasmic reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Synthesizes proteins  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum  Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5 Ribosome Protein Protein inside transport vesicle Transport vesicle buds off mRNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing or goes directly to the plasma membrane where its contents are secreted.

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 1 Ribosome Protein mRNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern.

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 2 Ribosome Protein mRNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 3 Ribosome Protein Transport vesicle buds off mRNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle.

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 4 Ribosome Protein Protein inside transport vesicle Transport vesicle buds off mRNA Rough ER As the protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER cistern. In the cistern, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein). The protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle. The transport vesicle buds from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing or goes directly to the plasma membrane where its contents are secreted.

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Proteins in cisterna Lysosome fuses with ingested substances Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle Cisterna Rough ER Proteins Secretion by exocytosis

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 1 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 2 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER Pathway 1

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 3 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER Pathway 1

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 4 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Secretory vesicle Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle Cisterna Rough ER

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 5 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Secretory vesicles Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle Cisterna Rough ER Proteins Secretion by exocytosis

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 6 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 2 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 7 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 2 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 8 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 2 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 9 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 3 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 10 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Proteins in cisterna Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 3 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 11 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Proteins in cisterna Lysosome fuses with ingested substances Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 3 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6, step 12 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Proteins in cisterna Lysosome fuses with ingested substances Membrane Transport vesicle Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Golgi vesicle containing proteins to be secreted becomes a secretory vesicle Cisterna Rough ER Proteins Secretion by exocytosis

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7b–d Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Three different types of elements  Microfilaments (largest)  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules (smallest)

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia move materials across the cell surface  Located in the respiratory system to move mucus  Flagella propel the cell  The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STOP  Complete Cell Organelle Worksheet

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8b

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8e

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8g

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Tour of the Cell Tour of the Cell PLAY