1. CELL ORGANELLES
Biology

2. Cell Organelle
Organelles are membrane bound structures within eukaryotic cells that carry out cellular metabolism
Note: it is the enzymes contained inside the organelles that actually perform the functions.

5. Cytoplasm
The aqueous liquid inside a cell that all organelles “float” around in.

6. The Nucleus
The central “command center” in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA
Also contains the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
Enlosed by the nuclear envelope, which is a porous double membrane that controls what goes in and out.

7. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Part of the endomembrane system (ES) that is connected to the nucleus.
Called “smooth” because no ribosomes attached to it.
The SER produces lipids, contain important enzymes in liver cells, and store calcium ions in muscle cells.

8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Part of the ES
Called “rough” because it is dotted with ribosomes.
RER makes more membrane
RER modifies proteins made by ribosomes, such as secretory proteins, which are shipped out in transport vesicles.

9. Golgi Apparatus Receives products from the ER
Sorts and modifies proteins from ER, then ships them to the membrane or out of the cell via transport vesicles.

10. Lysosomes (animal cells)
Sacs filled with digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes
Part of the ES
Packed with enzymes and released from the Golgi Apparatus
They fuse with food molecules or bacteria and digest (hydrolyze) them.

11. Vacuoles Membranous sacs (part of ES) that store stuff.
Central Vacuole (in plants) – store pigments to attract insects or poisons for defense.
Some vacuoles in protists collect excess water and expel it.

12. Mitochondria (singular: Mitochondrion)
CELL RESPIRATION OCCURS HERE!!!
Cell respiration is the conversion of sugar molecules into energy usable by cells (ATP!!!)

13. Chloroplasts (in plants)
PHOTOSYNTESIS OCCURS HERE!!!
Photosynthesis is the conversion of sunlight energy into sugar molecules.

14. Cytoskeleton
A network of protein fibers that provide structural support for cells.
Microfilaments – solid rods made of actin protein, just inside the membrane to support cell shape
Intermediate Filaments – rope like proteins that anchor organelles in place.
Microtubules – composed of tubulin protein, movable structures that can act as cellular railroad tracks and support beams.

15. Cilia and Flagella
Cilia – short, numerous membrane projections on some cells that move particles along a tissue
Flagella – long, less numerous membrane projections on some cells that “wiggle” to move the cell along (like in sperm cells).

16. Cells with specific functions may have more of certain organelles.
Muscle cells have many mitochondria to produce lots of ATP (energy)
Ovarian and Testicular cells contain lots of SER to produce lipid based sex hormones.

17. Extracellular Matrix
The collection of sticky glycoproteins secreted by animal cells that form junctions and hold tissues together.
Tight Junctions bind cells together, forming a leak-proof sheet (in digestive tract)
Anchoring Junctions form strong sheets to resist stress (in skin and heart tissue)
Gap Junctions have small spaces in them to allow molecules to pass through tissue (in heart muscle and embryonic tissue).

18. ALL DONE!