1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Studying Cells  The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body Figure 3-1

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane  Barrier of nucleus  double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  condenses to form chromosomes

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Membrane  The Cell Membrane Figure 3-3

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ER and Golgi Apparatus TEM Photos

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Centriole Structure

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g