Invertebrates Phylum Porifera

There are 2 Types of animals Vertebrates: Animals with backbones. Invertebrates: Animals without backbones. * About 97% of all animal species are inverts.

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) There are about 10,000 different species Are the simplest multicellular animals Adults are either asymmetrical or radial Cells are independent of each other Rely on water current for food, gas exchange, excretion, & reproduction

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including: Flabellate (fan-shaped) Arboresecent (tree-like) 4

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including: Tubular (Tube Shaped) Caliculate (Cup Shaped) 5

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including: Globular (Ball Shaped) Amorphous (Shapeless) 6

An Introduction Turn Volume up

Porifera Most are marine (saltwater) Have tiny pores on the surface to allow water to enter & circulate through a series of canals where planktonic organisms are filtered out and eaten

Porifera Planktonic: Describes small organisms that passively float or drift in a body of water. Zooplankton: Animal like Phytoplankton: Plant like

Porifera All are filter feeders: All are sessile: Living attached to the bottom or a surface. All are filter feeders: Actively filter suspended food from the water

Porifera: Anatomy The outer surface is covered with flat cells and sometimes tube-like pore cells called ostia, which form canals to allow water to enter. Simple sponges have one large atrium in the center which is also called a spongocoel

Fish in Atrium/Spongocoel

Porifera: Anatomy Food gets trapped here Water is pumped into a larger canal lined with collar cells also called Choanocytes, which have a flagellum that creates currents and a collar that traps food. Food gets trapped here

Porifera: Eating After choanocytes trap food on their collar, and is moved along to the base of the collar Food is then engulfed by the cell to form a food vacuole, and is digested by enzymes and pH changes Digested food is passed to amoeboid cells, & distributes it to other cells

Porifera: Anatomy Water leaves through the osculum, a large opening on the top

Sponges are Filter Feeders

Spongin Spongin: Resistant fibers for support. Magnified spongin Highly magnified spongin Spongin: Resistant fibers for support.

* Are different shapes & sizes Porifera: Anatomy Larger sponges need spicules for support * Are different shapes & sizes

Porifera: Body Forms Considered “simple sponges” 1. Ascon: Simplest & least common body form Considered “simple sponges” A type of sponge having an oval shape and a thin body wall with pores leading directly into the spongocoel. Has a single osculum at the top.

Ascon Body Form

Porifera: Body Forms Sycon is when the sponge wall appears folded These sponges tend to be larger than asconoids and have a tubular body with a single osculum. Similar to the ascon sponge, but the body wall is folded. The "folds" form radial canals. Choanocytes line the radial canals rather than the spongocoel.

Sycon Body Form

Porifera: Body Plan Considered “Complex Sponges” Leucon: Have extensive branched canal system Considered “Complex Sponges” Do NOT have a spongocoel (Atrium) Have multiple exit points (oscula) for water leaving the sponge Have increased surface area and filter large volumes of water

Leucon Body Form

Sponge Reproduction Many are asexual: branches or buds break off and grow into separate sponges identical to the original one called Fragmentation. * No Sound *

*** What are gametes? *** Sponge Reproduction Sexually: When both sexes release gametes during the spawning season. Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm or egg) that functions in sexual reproduction. The union of 2 gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote. *** What are gametes? ***

Sponge Reproduction Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs and sperm in water. Frog Spawn Fish Spawning Clam Spawning

More Sponge Spawning Pics.

Sponge Reproduction Zygote: Diploid Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm. A fertilized egg cell. sperm Haploid Cell Zygote Diploid Cell

Are we monoecious or dioecious? Sponge Reproduction Most sponges can produce both male and female gametes in the same individual and is called monoecious Some are dioecious meaning that they have separate sexes in each individual (either male OR female…not both) We are DIOECIOUS! Are we monoecious or dioecious?

Sponge Reproduction Once the egg is fertilized, a larva is formed Larva: Is an immature stage that may undergo a dramatic change in structure before changing to the adult body form After no more than 2 days of free-swimming existence, the larva settles to the substrate and begins to develop into the adult form What is “Substrate”?

Types of Sponges Encrusting: form thin brightly colored growths on rocks or dead coral.

(example: Venus Flower Basket) Types of Sponges Glass sponges: live in deep water & have skeletons of fused silica spiclues. (example: Venus Flower Basket)

Types of Sponges Boring Sponges: bore thin channels through oyster shells and corals.

Importance 1. Bath Sponges: Harvested & used to bathe with 35

Commercial Importance 2. Medical: Some act as antibiotics & others have painkilling properties (still researching) Researchers think that sponges us chemicals to limit competition among sponges…they release these chemicals to insure themselves space in the ecosystem Some of these chemicals have been found to have beneficial pharmaceutical effects for humans, including compounds with respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic activities.

Commercial Importance 2. Medical: Some act as antibiotics & others have painkilling properties (still researching) Researchers think that sponges us chemicals to limit competition among sponges…they release these chemicals to insure themselves space in the ecosystem Some of these chemicals have been found to have beneficial pharmaceutical effects for humans, including compounds with respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic activities. 37

Harvesting Sponges Turn Volume down

The End.