1. Phylum Porifera
Means:
Pore Bearing

2. FUN FACT
Sponge toxins are the greatest source of new pharmaceuticals!

3. Porifera General Characteristics
Simplest multi-cellular animals
Most are asymmetrical
Sessile animals

4. Porifera General Characteristics
4. Filter-feeders
5. Body openings: Many tiny incurrent pores and one large out current pore
6. Aquatic - mostly salt , only 2% fresh

5. Body Form and Function
No true organs- no digestive system, nervous system or respiratory system.
No true tissues-
DIPLOPLASTIC: Have two germ layers.
Ectoderm- Outer layer
For Protection
Pinacocytes- flat cells that help in maintenance and size and structure of the sponge
Outer layer sometimes called Pinacoderm.

6. Body Form and Function Endoderm- inner layer
Choanocytes- or Collar Cells
inner cells lined with flagella
Creates water current
Draws in food and oxygen
Removes waste

7. Body Form and Function
Have a middle gelatinous or jelly-like layer that contain
Ameobacyte
Specialized cells that help in:
1. Reproduction
2. Skeletal secretion
3. Waste removal
4. Transport, Storage and
Digestion of food

8. Body Form and Function Ostia: tiny pores for incoming water
Osculum: Usually 1 large opening for outgoing water
Spongocoel: The large inner cavity that water circulates through
Spicules: provide structural support like a skeleton
Stolon: the base of the sponge that attaches to rock or coral

9. Body Form and Function
Sponge filtering water -

10. FUN FACT
To grow 100 grams (3 oz), a sponge must filter 1,000 kg (275 gallons) of sea water!
Mini van sized sponge!

11. Reproduction and Development
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction: Sperm is released into the water by one sponge and taken into the spongocoel of another sponge.
Sponge
spawninghttps://
Eggs are fertilized and larva released into the water which attach to the bottom and grow into mature sponge

12. Reproduction and Development

13. Reproduction and Development
Sponges DO NOT fertilize their own eggs with their own sperm.
The sperm will only fertilize another egg of the same species with allows for genetic variation to occur.

14. Reproduction and Development
Regeneration
All sponges possess a remarkable ability to regenerate lost parts. A piece cut from the body of a sponge is capable of growing into a complete sponge. If a sponge is cut into small pieces and squeezed through a fine silken mesh to separate cells, the separated amoebocytes will reunite and in a few days will develop canals, flagellated chambers and skeleton and grow up into a new sponge. This power of regeneration helps the sponges to repair the damage caused in the harsh environment.

15. Reproduction and Development
Budding
In budding, numerous amoebocytes gather near the surface resulting in a small outgrowth on the pinacoderm. The bud grows outward to produce a small individual, which usually detaches from the parent and attaches to a nearby rock to grow into an independent colony.

16. Reproduction and Development
Fission Split – process of mitosis
Fragmentation
In some sponges multiplication takes place by developing a line of fission and throwing off parts of the body which later can develop into a new sponge. Sponges can break into several pieces along several lines of weakness and breaking into fragments that are capable to wait over unfavorable environmental conditions and grow into complete sponges in the following favorable season.

17. Reproduction and Development
Reduction Bodies or Gemmules
Many fresh water and marine sponges disintegrate in adverse environmental conditions particularly in winter, leaving small rounded balls called reduction bodies. Each body consists of an internal mass of amoebocytes, covered externally by a pinacoderm and spicules. When favorable conditions return, these reduction bodies grow into complete new sponges.

18. Ecological Relationships
Provide food for many other animals
Provide shelter for many other animals
Have mutualistic relationships with photosynthesizers to provide more oxygen in the oceans

19. Kingdom Animalia Taxonomy Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae
Class Hexactinellida

20. Class Calcarea Balloon sponges
Have star-shaped spicules made of calcium carbonate
Mesh-like structure
All live in saltwater
Calcium carbonate: a carbon/calcium substance found in animal skeletons

21. Class Calcarea

22. Class Calcarea

23. Class Hexactinellida Glass sponges All live in salt water
Have six-sided spicules made of silicon

24. Class Hexactinellida

25. Class Hexactinellida

26. Class Demospongiae Common sponges Includes 80% of all Porifera species
Have spicules made of silicon and spongin
Live in fresh or saltwater

27. Class Demospongiae

28. Class Demospongiae

29.
Sponges- oldest creatures in the sea?