Harvard Style

This should sound familiar… We covered some similar ground in Session 9 If it does not sound familiar, were you… Away from class? Asleep? Dreaming? Now is your chance to digest this important material ! You will use it throughout your academic life!

Introduction Referencing or citing your sources is the important process of acknowledging any other person’s ideas you may have used in constructing your own essays or assignments, whether you have quoted them directly or otherwise. The main purpose of doing this is to allow the reader of your work the opportunity to locate and check the source if required.

Introduction Every scholarly discipline has a preferred format or style or referencing their publications. This guide outlines a widely accepted form used in the business and social science fields and is based on the Harvard or author-date system.

Harvard system The Harvard system is made up of two components: Citation Bibliography

Citation Citation provides brief details of the author and date of publication for referencing the work in the body of the text.

Bibliography Bibliography is a list at the end of the essay or assignment of all references used with additional details provided to help identify each source.

Citation – How to reference a work in the text Citing author, date and page numbers in the text When referring to an author’s work, the author’s surname and the year of publication are placed in the text in parentheses. There is no punctuation between the surname and the year of publication: Productivity was improved throughout the factory (Bond 1991).

Citation If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, follow it immediately by the year of publication in parentheses: According to Bond (1991) productivity was improved throughout the factory. If you want to cite a particular page of work you enter the citation as shown below. This is usually done when a direct quote has been used: “Private ownership allows wealth to be distributed unequally” (Bond 1991, p.253). Citing a range of pages: (Bond 1991, pp ) Citing where the author’s name is mentioned in the text: According to Bond (1991, p.253) productivity was improved throughout the factory.

Citation Citing volume and page numbers When volume and page numbers are included they should be presented as follows: (Bond 1998, vol. 2, pp.54-70) Citing a work with more than one author Citing a work that has two authors: (Bond & Norrish 1992) If there are three authors: (Bond, Norrish & Burton 1994) If there are more than three authors: (Bond et al. 1996)

Citation Citing an author who has written more than one work in a year Place a, b, c after the publication date: (Bond 1991a) Citing authors with the same surname Distinguish them by initials (Bond, C.E.1993) Citing works with an editor but no author (ed. Black 1998) Citing anonymous, group works and works without authors Anonymous works are referred to by their title (A history of Greece 1994) – Italics? If you are citing a newspaper article with no author (The Age 13 Aug. 1998, p.7) – Italics? If there is no specific author of a publication but it has been written by an organisation, then the name of the organisation is used: (CSIRO 1996)

Bibliography – How to do a list of References? Any item that has a citation in the text of the paper should be included in the bibliography at the end of the paper. These references should be arranged alphabetically by their author or by title if there is no specific author. The following are examples of commonly referenced items:

Commonly referenced items Books Author(s)name. Year of Publication, Book Title, Publisher, Place of Publication. Example: Holt, D.H. 1997, Management Principles and Practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney. Annual Report Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd 1998, Annual Report , Coca-Cola Amatil, sydney. Video Title (format) date of recording, place of recording, publisher, and any special credits Government Publication – Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Government Finance Statistics , Cat. No , ABS, Canberra

Commonly referenced items Articles Article in a journal Author(s) of article Year of publication, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume, issue, article pages Riley, T. 1999, ‘Looking on the bright side’, Journal of Economic History, vol.56, no.2, pp Article in a Newspaper Ryan, D. 1998, ‘Looking on the bright side’, The Age (Melbourne) 24 July, p17 Internet - Format (Hp = Home page) Author/Editor.Date [Last update or copyright date] Homepage Title. Hp. Online. Information supplier. Available: Web address, Access date. U.S.Department of Commerce, 6 Nov, 1998 [Last update]. Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook. Hp.Online. U.S.Department of Commerce – National Trade Data Bank. Available: 18 Nov. 1998

ACTIVITY – End-Text References CREATE a Harvard Style Bibliography 10 Books At least 5 with 2 or more authors 10 Websites 3 Secondary Sources 3 Magazines or Print Journals 3 Encyclopaedias 3 Personal Communications 3 TV shows ds?cat_id=614#cat614 for assistance with this ds?cat_id=614#cat614

ACTIVITY – In-Text References CREATE a Harvard Style series of In-Text references (following quotations) from: 10 Books At least 5 with 2 or more authors 10 Websites 3 Secondary Sources 3 Magazines or Print Journals 3 Encyclopaedias 3 Personal Communications 3 TV shows