Nervous System brain Spinal cord Spine (vertebrae) Show skeleton to pupils highlighting skull and spine. Skull is made up from bones fused together and spine is made up from vertebrae. Skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spine. Spinal cord

H&W Outcome H&W Throughout this unit, the following Health and Wellbeing learning outcome will be covered in great detail: I am developing my understanding of the human body and can use this knowledge to maintain and improve my wellbeing and health. HWB 3-15a / HWB 4-15a

Lesson 12 – Learning outcomes Know the structure and function of the nervous system Know that the brain receives signals from the senses, controls movement and stores information

Central Nervous System is the brain and the spine The brain receives information from the peripheral nervous System via the spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by vertebrae. The vertebrae are a series of disc type bones that make up the back bone.

infant skull Apart from size, what is the difference between the infant and the adult skulls? adult skull Why should you be extra careful with a baby’s head ? inside of the skull You should order the model of a skull or skeleton. Pupils should write answers into their note books. Adult skull bones(8) are fused together but babies’ bones have not yet fully fused, this is to allow the brain to grow. The gap is called the fontanelle. Babies neck muscles are not strong enough to support the head and the brain could be injured when the bones have not fully fused. Inside of the skull has layer of cerebral fluid. This offers some protection to the brain from shocks however heavy knocks could cause brain damage. Why is it important to avoid heavy knocks to the head ? Skull

Spinal cord and vertebrae Why is the spine made up of small bones, vertebrae, than one single bone? What do you think is meant by a slipped disc? a closer look spinal cord position Order skeleton with skull. Spine is made from a series of small bones, vertebrae to allow the spin to bend. A slipped disc is when the disc has been pushed to one side, leaving the vertebrae touching at one side and often the disc pressing on the spinal cord. A slipped disc is a very painful condition. Get pupils to write an answer into their note books vertebral disc (cartilage) vertebra(single)

Nervous System The peripheral nervous system is made up from many nerve cells. The nerve cells extend from the spinal cord connecting to other nerve cells going to all parts of your body. Direct pupils to previous hand out.

Nerve Cells The nervous system is made up from different types of nerve cells called neurones. They pass information from one cell to another by an electrical-chemical signal. Some neurones take information from the body to the CNS and others take information from the brain to parts of the body Electrical signal passes along the neurone Pupils should add information to there diagram Chemical signal leaves to go to another neurone Chemical signal arrives from another neurone

Brain Work with a partner on a show me board. Create a spider diagram giving as many functions of the brain as you can. Brain functions Give pupils time to construct diagram, some pupils may prefer to do a list, before clicking to display mind map. This mind map is not complete. How did you do ? Look at the diagram on the next slide

Brain

Nervous System The body is controlled by the brain, by sending messages through the CNS and peripheral nervous system. The brain also receives information from the senses, and stores information. The above diagram highlights some of the nerve connections from the CNS to the rest of the body. THIS DIAGRAM SHOULD NOT BE HANDED OUT TO PUPILS.

Test your knowledge 12 Name the two main parts of the central nervous system (CNS). For each part, state how it is protected. Name a part of the body that sends signals to the brain. Name a part of the body that the brain sends signals to. Apart from sending and receiving signals, give another function of the brain.

Answers Brain and spinal cord Brain is protected by the skull, spinal cord is protected by the bones of the spine (vertebrae) The senses – eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose The muscles, the organs, the skin Storing information (memory), analysing information (thinking), controlling body functions

Your Secret Star Pupil has already been chosen! Starter On a Show Me Board, unscramble the following letters to make a new word. narib kulsl sunvroe unoeern reath luspe neiv nugl

Lesson 13 – Learning outcomes Know the three main parts of the brain and the main functions of these Know that the left and right sides of the brain control different functions Know about the cells which carry nervous impulses around the body

Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla There are three main parts in the human brain Medulla Cerebellum This slide tries to give a three dimensional look at the brain. See next slide this will be the diagram that the pupils should be given for their notes.

Brain Cerebrum - Controls many functions e.g hearing, sight, thought, memory, movement etc. Brain control of balance and coordination Cerebellum- Medulla (brain stem)- Pupils should label the diagram that you will give out and stick into their note book. For more functions of the cerebrum see the next slide. Model brain should be available from the technicians. regulates breathing, heart rate, body temperature

The cerebrum is responsible for controlling a number of functions that we take for granted in our life. Watch the animation, then mark on your diagram the location on the cerebrum where they are controlled from. Brain Click on web link for animation that will let pupils note the areas of control on the brain. http://www.stroke.org/page_images/Brain_Animation.html

Right and left side of the brain It is known that the right and left hand side of the brain deal with different functions. It is known that the right and left hand side of the brain deal with different functions.

If you see the..DANCER ROTATING CLOCKWISE = RIGHT-BRAINED you are creative minded …or DANCER ROTATING COUNTER-CLOCKWISE = LEFT-BRAINED you are logical minded. 


Do you think you are more right brained or left brained? You could make a note of 5 functions from each side!

Test your knowledge 13 What part of the brain controls a) balance and coordination b) heart rate and breathing c) movement and conscious thoughts 2. Which side of the cerebrum (left or right) is associated with logical thinking? 3. What other name is given to nerve cells?

Answers a) cerebellum b) medulla c) cerebrum 2. Left side 3. Neurones

Lesson 14 – Learning outcomes Know about the health risks to the nervous system and how these can be avoided Know that the brain can sometimes misinterpret information and be tricked

How is your brain fuelled ? The brain uses glucose to give it energy, using approximately 10% of the bodies glucose supply. The brain does not store glucose, it is supplied through the blood from your food intake or from reserves stored in your body. You could play on this question and discuss what keeps a brain healthy. Older people are thought to keep their quality of live by keeping their brain active. What is meant by keeping the brain active? How is your brain fuelled ? Like all parts of your body, the brain needs a constant supply of glucose (from the digestive system) and oxygen (from the respiratory system) to keep the cells working properly.

Brain damage Think, pair and share It is important to take care of your brain and CNS, as brain cells and the spinal cord do not easily repair themselves, so damage could be permanent. Try to think of ways in which damage to the brain or CNS could occur. How could this damage be avoided or the risk reduced? Think on your own for one minute, then discuss with a partner, then share your ideas with another pair. Your teacher will then ask each group to tell the class their ideas. Ideas may include accidents (vehicle, diving, near-drowning, falls), drug abuse, alcohol abuse. These could be avoided or minimised through wearing seatbelts, safe driving, checking pool depth before diving, wearing a helmet for cycling/skiing/canoeing/climbing, avoiding drugs and excessive alcohol (including during pregnancy) etc.

Brain damage Summarise your ideas in a table POSSIBLE CAUSE OF DAMAGE TO BRAIN OR CNS HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK

Move on quickly.

Brain The size of the human brain is thought to be responsible for the success of the human species in relation to other species. Humans have an unusually large brain for it size. There are some animals that have a larger brain or similar size e.g. elephant, dolphin Our near relatives in the animal kingdom, monkeys, have smaller brains including the gorilla. You can order animal skulls from the technicians. Pleas be careful they are a little fragile. Brain

Can the brain be tricked? The following slides are optical illusions. They trick the brain. How many black dots are there ?

Are the wheels turning ? Wheels should be turning.

Your mission now is to look for “The Hidden Tiger” in the image below. Put your hand up when you see the hidden tiger. The words ‘The Hidden Tiger’ are on the tigers body

Look at the following slides say the colour not the word Slides 24 to 38 advance by themselves every two seconds.

white

black

green

yellow

red

blue

green

aqua

pink

yellow

green

red

yellow

brown

white

How did you do?

Pupils should have prepared a presentation on ‘how modern technologies are used within medicine’.

Test your knowledge 14 Give one example of how the brain could become damaged. Give one example of how the spinal cord could become damaged. State one way of reducing the risk of damage to the brain or spinal cord. Why is it especially important to prevent damage to your brain and spinal cord?

Answers Road accident, falling, near-drowning, lack of oxygen, drug abuse, alcohol abuse. Road accident, falling. Wear helmet, wear seatbelt, cross roads safely, avoid use of drugs or alcohol, check pool depth before diving, wear lifejacket . The brain and spinal cord do not repair themselves easily, so damage could be permanent.

End of slide show There are a number of further slide for your information or to be used to give blank diagrams for pupils to use.

Additional teacher information