Gene Technology Chapter 9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering Experiments Polymerase Chain Reaction Outline Restriction Enzymes Genetic Engineering Experiments Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering and Medicine Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Genetic Engineering of Farm Animals Cloning Ethical Issues Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Scientific Revolution Genetic Engineering refers to the process of moving genes from one organism to another. Having major impact on medicine and agriculture. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by same enzyme. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes that bind to specific short sequences (typically 4 to 6 nucleotides) of DNA. Restriction enzymes make their incisions so that two single-stranded ends are complementary in sequence (sticky ends). Can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by same enzyme. Joined by DNA ligase. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Restriction Enzymes Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering Experiment Cleaving DNA To Produce Fragments Can sort using electrophoresis. Producing Recombinant DNA Insert fragments into plasmids or viral DNA. Cloning Plasmids or viruses serve as vectors. Screening Locate specific sequences. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Preliminary Screening Eliminate from clone library any clones not containing vectors. Finding Gene of Interest Use cloned genes from base pairs with complementary sequences on another nucleic acid (Probe). Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Other Genetic Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Other Genetic Techniques Formation of cDNA Entire gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase forming primary transcript. Introns must be cut out, and remaining fragments stitched together to form processed mRNA. Cytoplasmic mRNA has only exons. Reverse transcriptase is used to make an DNA version of isolated mRNA (cDNA). Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Other Genetic Techniques DNA Fingerprinting Using DNA probes to characterize DNA isolated from an individual. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering and Medicine Diabetes is a condition where body is unable to control levels of sugar in the blood because a critical protein, insulin, cannot be made. Genes encoding many medically important proteins are now introduced into bacteria. Insulin Anticoagulants Factor VIII Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering and Medicine Piggyback Vaccines Traditionally, vaccines were made by killing the disease agent. Now a modified virus displays piggybacked surface proteins, to which immune system makes antibodies. Gene Therapy One way to cure many genetic diseases is to give the affected person a working copy of the defective gene. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Piggyback Vaccine for Herpes Simplex Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Pest Resistance Reduce use of chemical pesticides. Herbicide Resistance Lowers cost of producing crop. Reduced plowing conserves topsoil. More Nutritious Crops Golden Rice Iron and Vitamin A Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Transgenic Golden Rice Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Potential Risks: Is Eating Them Dangerous? Roundup Resistant soybeans: Inhibits Aromatic Amino Acid production to make crop easier to grow. Humans don’t make any Changes nutritional character to improve nutrition. Potential allergies Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Potential Risks: Harmful to the Environment? Bt corn was genetically engineered to contain insect-killing toxin to combat corn-borers, but also killed butterflies. Must weigh pesticide-induced losses to genetically-modified losses. Introduced genes may pass to wild relatives. Gene flow occurs naturally. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering of Farm Animals 1994 - Monsanto received federal approval to make its recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) commercially available to dairy farmers. Consumers worry about transfer through cow’s milk. This transfer does not occur, and effects to humans would be negligible, if any. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Mammary cells and egg cells surgically combined in January 1996. Cloning Dolly Mammary cells and egg cells surgically combined in January 1996. Mammary cells inserted inside the covering around the egg cell. Brief electrical shock applied. 29 dividing embryos transplanted into surrogate mother sheep, and on July 5, 1997, one sheep gave birth to a lamb. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Value of Gene Therapy vs: Personal identity issues. Ethical Issues Fear of human cloning at the heart of ethical dilemmas (Technical reasons should not prove an overwhelming obstacle). Value of Gene Therapy vs: Personal identity issues. Increased genetic uniformity may cause future disease problems. Inability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Genetic Engineering Experiments Polymerase Chain Reaction Review Restriction Enzymes Genetic Engineering Experiments Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering and Medicine Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Genetic Engineering of Farm Animals Cloning Ethical Issues Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies