RECONSTRUCTION Unit IVC AP United States History

Fundamental Question ► ► How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economical landscape of the United States? ► ► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?

Reconstruction, Phase 1 Lincoln’s Plan ► ► Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)   Full presidential pardons for ► ► 1. Oath of allegiance, ► ► 2. Accept end of slavery   Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed allegiance and loyalty   Provide education and voting rights for blacks ► ► Wade-Davis Bill (1864)   Bill required 50% voters to swear oath and non-Confederates ► ► Second Inaugural Address   “with malice toward none; with charity for all”   Louisiana as example of reconstructed state ► ► Lincoln’s Assassination   April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater   Johnson and rise of Radical Republicans…

Freedmen’s Bureau ► ► Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 ► ► Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites ► ► Education of blacks and colleges ► ► Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners

Reconstruction, Phase 2 Andrew Johnson’s Plan ► ► About Andrew Johnson   Tennessee Democrat and Lincoln’s VP   Represented more for poor whites against Southern “aristocracy”   White supremacist ► ► Reconstruction Plan   Pardons for loyalty oath   No pardons for Confederate leaders and owned $20,000 taxable property   Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures   States must abolish slavery and secession clauses

Result of Johnson Plan ► ► Return of former Confederate leaders   Alexander Stephens, CSA VP, elected Georgia senator ► ► Readmitted states complied but did not provide provisions for blacks to vote ► ► Black Codes   Prohibited renting or borrowing to buy land   Work contracts   No testifying against whites ► ► Election of 1866 and the Radical Republicans   The Johnson Vetoes ► ► Funding for Freedmen’s Bureau ► ► Civil rights bill   Racism vs. “Bloody Shirts”   Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses

Reconstruction, Phase 3 Radical Plan ► ► Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner overrode Johnson’s vetoes ► ► Confederate leaders disavowed ► ► Johnson-based state governments replaced with military districts ► ► U.S. military used in South to enforce legislation and protection of blacks ► ► States admitted if accept Fourteenth Amendment

Radical Legislation ► ► Civil Rights Act of 1866   Blacks as American citizens and end of Black Codes ► ► Fourteenth Amendment (1868)   Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen   States must respect rights with “equal protection” and “due process”   Disavowed Confederate leaders; not paying state debt; penalty for preventing voters ► ► Johnson Impeachment   Political ploy by Republicans   Acquitted by ONE vote… twice ► ► Fifteenth Amendment (1869)   Blacks have right to vote ► ► Civil Rights Act of 1875   Equal accommodations for blacks; participation on juries ► ► Other goals and reforms   Infrastructure, penal and institutional development and codification, women property rights, public education

Southern Life ► ► Freedmen in the South   Political Recognition ► ► Elected to state and national legislatures ► ► Right to vote ► ► Anger and resentment by Southern whites   New way of life? ► ► Desire for autonomy: independent churches, schools, move out West ► ► Sharecropping   White landowners provided seed and farm supplies for as much as half of production ----> led to dependency   Only 5% of southern blacks claimed economic independence ► ► Republicans and Northerners in the South   Scalawags: Southern Republicans fostering “American system-type programs   Carpetbaggers: Northerners investing in “New South,” reformers/provide aid, squatters and plunderers ► ► Paramilitary groups based on white supremacy   White League ► ► Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans and freedmen   Ku Klux Klan (1867) by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest ► ► “invisible empire” to scare or destroy Republicans and freedmen ► ► Still fighting the war OR The South Will Rise Again! ► ► Force Acts ( ) disband KKK

The North ► ► As the South struggled to recover, Republicans pursued economic expansion through industry and infrastructure ► ► Political and Financial Corruption   Abuse of patronage (spoils system)   Grant’s connection to stock market speculation, tax fraud, embezzlement ► ► Political Machines   Provide for underprivileged, immigrants, businesses in return for votes   William “Boss” Tweed and Tammany Hall ► ► Reaction to Radical Republicanism   Racism entrenched in the North   Immigrants and poor whites feared losing economic opportunities to freedmen and entitled blacks

Evolution of Northern Attitude Toward Blacks During Reconstruction “And Not This Man?” August 1865 “This Is A White Man’s Government” September 1868 “Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State” March 1874 Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harper’s Weekly

Election of 1868

Grant and the Republicans ► ► Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals ► ► Becomes engrossed in corruption links and charges   Salary Grab Act (!873)   Credit Mobilier   Whiskey Ring ► ► Split in Republicans   Fractured by Liberal Republicans who forged coalition with Democrats ► ► Panic of 1873   Driven by railroads collapse, overspeculation, and overexpansion   Leads to end of Greenbacks ► ► Amnesty Act of 1872   Led to Southern Democrats to retake state governments and replace black legislators

“Election” of 1876 ► ► Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes ► ► Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden ► ► Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority ► ► Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida) ► ► Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes Samuel Tilden (D) Rutherford B. Hayes (R)

Election of 1876

Compromise of 1877 ► ► Angry Democrats and riots around the nation due to Hayes’ “victory” forced a deal ► ► Hayes will become president, if…   Remove federal troops from the South   Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. railroads ► ► End of Reconstruction   With no enforcement by federal troops, civil rights limited or eliminated in the South   Democrats return to power in the South