Impacts of wind power on energy balance of a hydro dominated power system EWEC 2006, Athens MSc Juha Kiviluoma, VTT PhD Hannele Holttinen, VTT

2 Background t Based on model developed in EU-project WILMAR (Wind power integration in liberalised electricity markets) – Risoe, IER at University of Stutgart, Sintef, VTT, KTH, IMM at Technical University of Denmark, Elkraft, Elsam, Nord Pool Consulting t The work continues in IEA Annex on Wind & hydro and the model development in EU-project SupWind t These results part of PhD thesis work of Juha Kiviluoma – Large increases of wind and other renewables in the energy system

3 Research questions t How hydro power regulates large amounts of wind power in hydro dominated system? t How the energy balance of the hydro dominated system changes with large amounts of wind power? t Which power plants are affected? t How the prices change?

4 Model description t Market model of Nordic countries and Germany t Hourly time-scale t Spot market horizon t Long term model for water values t Stochastic presentation of wind (not used in this) t Quite detailed unit presentation t Also heat areas for CHP t Primary and secondary reserves (dependant on wind) t See Meibom at DS1 on Thursday morning

5 Model weak points t Hydro power – Presentation of hydro is not detailed enough – One reservoir water value model t No load flows, static transmission limits t System prices, no market power etc. – Lower bound prices t Low regulation prices t Slow to solve whole year

6 Cases base10%20%30% Wind capacity [GW] NO+SE+FI Germany Denmark Energy from wind NO+SE+FI+DK [TWh] The modelled year has 2001 profile for hydro, wind, load and heat demand Not very windy Average hydro year

7 Assumptions t 17 €/CO 2 ton t Fuel price scenario t Planned transmission lines up to 2010 – Fennoska II 800 MW – Storaebelt 600 MW – NorNed 700 MW (connected to Germany) – Some Nordel internal connections t Import time series from Russia and Poland t Announced power plants and decomissionings until 2010 t Wind is added as extra production, no capacity taken away Model prices Current prices (Finland) IEA (2010) IEA (2030) Light oil53113$/barrel Fuel oil4666$/barrel Crude oil602229$/barrel Coal $/t Nat_gas (Europe) $/Mbtu Model [€2002/GJ] Woodwaste4 Wood4.3 Straw4.4 Waste0 Peat1.5 Light oil7.2 Fuel oil6.2 Coal2.3 Natural gas6.2 Nuclear0.35

Production [TWh] in 2010 base case FI_R NO_N NO_M NO_S SE_N SE_M SE_S DK_W DK_E DE_NWDE_NE DE_CS

Whole year for the four cases Base 10% 20% 30% TWh

base case: production, consumption and transmission [MWh/h]

10% case: production, consumption and transmission [MWh/h] MWh

20% case: production, consumption and transmission [MWh/h] MWh

30% case: production, consumption and transmission [MWh/h] MWh

Hydro reservoir fillings

Prices [€/MWh] base 10 % 20 % 30 %

Maximum power from condensing plants in Nordic countries

17 Condbasew10w20w30 Nuclear Woodwaste Peat Coal Hydro CHPbasew10w20w30 Waste Woodwaste Wood Straw Peat Coal Nat gas Fuel oil Full load hours of condensing and chp plants

18 Regulation cases in 30% wind case Hydro: NO 28 GW SE 16 GW FI 3 GW Sum47 GW Highest one-hour drop in wind 30 GW  13 GW

19 Regulation cases in 30% wind case High consumption – low wind Nuclear and hydro regulate Hydro: NO 28 GW SE 16 GW FI 3 GW Sum47 GW

20 Available capacity in the model Capacity balance during base case highest consumption

Wind shedding (Case I.a) MWh

High consumption – low wind (Case II.a)

Big drop in wind (Case II.b) MWh

Highest consumption MWh

25 Assumptions for conclusions t Wind will get very competitive – Good sites available – Price of development down – Fossils face increasing costs t Other obstacles surmountable – Local grid issues and grid reinforcements – Load flow controls – Landscape, noise and avian concerns

26 Conclusions t 20-30% wind penetration changes the utilisation of other power production decisively t Wind will affect power prices strongly if penetration gets high t At least in the modelled year, hydro power can regulate wind to such extent that usage other condensing than nuclear is minimal (could be covered by demand side measures) t Limitations for wind are most likely in available sites and transmission rather than in regulation Nordic price duration curve

27 Discussion t Power price will drop if countermeasures are not taken t Additional connections to the continental grid would keep the prices up and provide profits t Possibility of increased consumption: heat pumps, industry, traffic sector (oil dependency on agenda) t Price drop obstacle also for wind t Market failure? Nordic price duration curve