Developing a Remote Data Link for an Integrated Ocean Observing System Stephen R. Piotrowicz Ocean.US The National Office for Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observations

THE SLOCUM MISSION By: Henry Stommel This science fiction article, by the late Dr. Henry Stommel, was published in Oceanography, April 1989.

Argo Profiling Floats  Operational Characteristics  Surface to 2,000 m  Salinity, Temperature and Operational Information  Position provides Trajectory Data  Repeat Transmission every 60 to 72 seconds, 10 hours every 10 days  Normally around 50 pressure levels (range 33 to 115)  Data – 348 to 464 bytes (12 to 16 Argos messages  Future Requirements  Transmit 500 pressure levels within one hour with reduced power demands for communications  Two-way communications (not necessarily on demand) for programming

ORBCOMM Float Temperature Data

ORBCOMM Float Salinity Data

 January 1998 – NSF SBIR to NAL Research (ORBCOMM/Iridium)  August 1999 – Iridium Filed for Bankruptcy Protection  April 2000 – ONR Submitted Navy SBIR Topic Request to Support NOPP  “Remote Data Link for an Integrated Ocean Observing System”  December 2000 – Iridium Satellite LLC Formed  May 2001 – SBIR Phase I Awarded  NAL Research – Data Unit System Development  Omnet – Data Delivery Services  March 2002 – Phase II Contracts Awarded  96 Iridium LBTs (L-Band Transceivers)  Defense Information Systems Agency Participation  104 SIM (System Identification Module) Cards  Department of Defense Gateway in Hawaii Program History

Current Status of Iridium  66 Operational Satellites – 11 in 6 Orbital Planes  14 In-orbit Spares – At Least One in Each Plane  Full Constellation Life Minimum, mid – Aerospace Corp. Independent Study  Gateways  Tempe, Arizona – Primary Gateway  Fucino, Italy  DoD Gateway in Hawaii  Gateways to be Added to Support Commercial Demand  Satellite Network Operations Center in Leesburg, Virginia  Back-Up Facility in Chandler, Arizona

Mobile-to-Mobile Data Call Iridium Gateway D900 Inter-Working Equipment 1. MA#1 dials MSISDN or MSISDN-C of MA#2 2. MA#1 call is set-up and connected to interworking equipment 3. Ring alert and call set-up issued by gateway to MA#2 4. MA#2 answers incoming call request (total set-up ~25 sec) 5. End-to-End connection established, over the constellation, between MA#1 & MA# Mobile Application (MA#1) Mobile Application (MA#2)

 9500 Phone Converted to Data Module  Vendor Selected and NRE Funded by Iridium  Serial, Power and Antenna Connector  Dial-Up and Internet Data Services  Cost of Production Units - $1,000  Available Now  Quantity Subject to Available Inventory  Service Cost - <$0.12/kbyte  Power - 20 J/kbyte  Two-Way Communication  Guaranteed Packet Delivery Data Unit Phase I

Weight: ~580 g (~500 w/o GPS) Dimensions: 9.5” L x 2.8” W x 1.5” D SIM Card Reader: Internal Operating Frequency: MHz Power: 0.75W Average (0.6W w/o GPS) Operating Temperature: -30°C/+60°C Duplexing Method: Time Division Duplex Multiplexing Method: TDMA/FDMA Link Margin (w/external antenna): 12.5 dB average Data Rate: 2400 bits per second Interface: Standard RS-232 (AT commands)

 9505 Based Product  Leverage Current Handset Production  Work with Celestica and Third Party Vendor to Obtain Board Level product.  30% Reduction in Physical Size as compared with 9500  15% Less Power Consumption during data calls  Dial-up and PPP Internet Access Data Services  Short Burst Data Capable  Next Generation Data Unit Phase II – Next Generation

Program Status  Distributing 96 L-Band Transceivers and 104 SIM Cards  Web Solicitation for Potential Applications  Objective is a Spectrum of Platforms, Environments, and Data Delivery Requirements  Participants Selected in June  Distribution of Conventional Data Units Began in June 2002  Distribution of GPS Capable Units Began February 2003  Global  Participation  International – Australia and U.K.; 5 Investigators/6 Projects  United States – 33 Projects  18 Academic (Navy, NSF, State)  8 NOAA  3 Department of Defense (2 Navy, 1 SACLANT)  3 Commercial  1 NASA

Argo Profiling Floats  22 GPS-Equipped Units  Short-Burst Data  Operational Implementation  Cost and Billing  Data Dissemination  Command and Control

Iridium Gateway D900 SBM Network Equipment Internet User Application  Short Burst Data is an Efficient Packet-Based Service.  Service is Planned to Support ~1900 bytes in both MO & MT Directions  Pricing plans to be based on per byte usage  Combination of Circuit & Short Burst Data Results in Cost Effective Usage Growth. Short Burst Data Service

DISA Commercial Soft SIM Card Concept NAL Research, Manassas, VA Users DISA SIM Card DISA SIM Card Comm. SIM Card Comm. SIM Card Modem 1Modem 2Modem 3Modem 4Modem 5 Soft SIM Card Soft SIM Card Soft SIM Card Soft SIM Card

University of Washington Seaglider Courtesy of Charlie Eriksen, University of Washington

Iridium Controlled; 377 dives some to 1,200 meters Glider was redirected and recovered by small vessel

30 J/kbyte $0.11/kbyte

Some Issues for the Community  Hardware Configuration and Design  Antennas  LBTs  Other (e.g., PC Board)  Transmission Protocols  Common Needs  Data Routing  Data Distribution  Data Storage  Technical Working Group (?)  National  International  Other Telemetry Technologies  Input Into Future Developments  Fourth Generation LBT!  Costs

MUOS (Multiple User Objectives System)  Operational in 2013  Flying/Beta Testing ?  Global, Real-Time, Two-Way, Etc.  Iridium-Compatible, Plug-In Modules