PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920 A21 w

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS ► Who were the Progressives? ► What reforms did they seek? ► How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period ? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

Progressivism WHO? “Progressives” urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women WHY? Address the problems arising from: industrialization ( big business, labor strife) urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) immigration ( ethnic diversity) inequality & social injustice (women & racism) 1920s1890s WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era”

Progressivism WHAT are their goals? ► Democracy – government accountable to the people ► Regulation of corporations & monopolies ► Social justice – workers, poor, minorities ► Environmental protection HOW? ► Government (laws, regulations, programs) ► Efficiency value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution

Origins of Progressivism ► “Muckrakers” ► Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) ► Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902) ► Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904) ► Upton Sinclair- The Jungle Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens

MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

Progressive Legislation ► Municipal Reforms Commission System Voters elect 5 commissioners with expertise to head city departments City-Manager Plan Voters elect a city council to make laws, council hires a qualified manager to run city ► Both attempt to run government more efficiently

MUNICIPAL REFORM council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER COUNCIL MEMBER strong mayor system COUNCIL MEMBER MAYOR CITY SERVICES

Progressive Legislation ► State Reforms Direct Primary An election where voters choose the candidates who will later run in a general election 17 th Amendment U.S. Senators will now be elected by the people- popular vote (and NOT by state legislators) more democratic

Progressive Legislation ► Secret Ballot Voters could not be pressured to vote for certain candidates- Hurt political machines ► Initiative Allows voters to introduce NEW legislation with signatures on a petition ► Referendum Allows voters to CHANGE a law already in place, also done with signatures ► Recall Allows voters to REMOVE an elected official from office by holding a new election

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS ► professional social workers ► settlement houses - education, culture, day care ► child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children

STATE SOCIAL REFORMS ► workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day improved safety & health conditions in factories workers compensation laws minimum wage laws unionization child labor laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

State Social Reform: Child Labor Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C “Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911 Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911

Settlement Houses ► Settlement Houses Tried to bridge the gap between social classes Almost like communes for recent immigrants ► Hull-House – Jane Addams Jane Addams (1905)Hull-House Complex in 1906

TEMPERANCE ► Temperance Crusade ► Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) ► Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard ( ), leader of the WCTU Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

Prohibition ► Women’s Christian Temperance Union (example) Group that led fight against alcohol, wanted prohibition Believed alcohol was responsible for unemployment, crime, and divorce Carrie Nation was a radical temperance crusader. Smashed saloons with hatchet Accomplished goal with passage of 18 th Amendment

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION ► Eighteenth Amendment Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

NATIONAL REFORM Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Progressive presidents

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level in the period ?

Assassination of President McKinley, Sept 6, 1901

Theodore Roosevelt : the “accidental President” Republican ( ) (The New-York Historical Society)

Progressive Presidents- Roosevelt ► ‘Square Deal’ became TR’s 1904 campaign slogan ► three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection ► Settled Strikes United Mine Workers went on strike to get better pay and fewer hours TR was arbitrator-third neutral party listens to both sides and settles dispute

Roosevelt: Trust-Buster ► Trust busting: breaking up monopolies Distinguished between “good” trusts and “bad” trusts. Kept eye on “good” trusts to make sure they did not take advantage of consumers Filed 44 anti-trust lawsuits against “bad” trusts

Consumer Protection ► Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle ► Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ► Meat Inspection Act (1906) Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905 "A nauseating job, but it must be done"

► Consumer Issues Meat Inspection Act of 1906 prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug’s packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels Interstate Commerce Commission regulated shipping between states, mainly controlled prices

Roosevelt & Conservation ► Believed strongly in Conservation (saving forest) Wanted to save nation’s forests by preventing short sighted over cutting Started National Park Service(1906) Used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 U.S. Forest Service Gifford Pinchot ► White House conference on conservation Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite 1906

CONSERVATION: National Parks and Forests

William Howard Taft President Republican Postcard with Taft cartoon

Accomplishments of Taft ► William Howard Taft Filed 90 anti-trust suits including Standard Oil and American Tobacco 16 th Amendment allows the Congress to levy an income tax 17 th Amendment Created Department of Labor: enforces labor laws Passed mine safety laws Established 8 hour workday for companies doing business w/ federal govt.

Taft ► Taft angered many Progressives Progressive favored lower tariffs to help consumers Taft signed a bill that raised tariffs ► Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Taft’s Secretary of Interior, Richard Ballinger allowed for the sale of vast amounts of timber in Alaska Head of US Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot criticized Ballinger for selling out Taft fired Pinchot

Taft ► Passed Mann-Elkins Act that extended powers of ICC (interstate commerce commission) to telephone/telegraph ► Established Federal Children’s Bureau ► Did not agree with “bully pulpit” for prez Taft throwing out first pitch at a baseball game. 1 st President to do this.

Election of 1912 ► Woodrow Wilson ► Progressive Party (“Bull Moose party”) “New Freedom”-campaign slogan Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt cartoon, March 1912 (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.” -Theodore Roosevelt

Wilson: Accomplishments ► Underwood Tariff- reduced tariffs- lowered prices for consumers ► Federal Reserve Act 3 Level banking system that controls the flow of money in the US by controlling interest rates ► Clayton Anti-Trust Act Broadened and strengthened the Sherman Act (1890) ► Federal Trade Commission Est. to investigate corporations so they are not fraudulent or corrupt ► Workmen’s Compensation provided benefits to workers hurt on the job

Accomplishments ► 18 th Amendment: established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages :the production, transport and sale of alcohol is illegal (though not the consumption or private possession) ► 19 th Amendment: prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex Video Quiz

WOMEN & SUFFRAGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period ?

WOMEN ► “women’s professions” ► “new woman” ► clubwomen The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.) A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Women’s Suffrage ► National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) ► Carrie Chapman Catt Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

Woman suffrage before 1920

Women’s Suffrage ► Alice Paul ► National Woman’s Party ► Nineteenth Amendment ► Equal Rights Amendment National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, th Amendment Suffragette Banner 1918 (All: Library of Congress)

RACE RELATIONS

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri- mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed) ?

Black Population, 1920

African-Americans ► Booker T. Washington ► W.E.B. Du Bois ► Niagara Movement ► “talented tenth” ► NAACP Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois