Industry, Empire and the Realist Style Industrialism Nationalism Realism

Population Changes  During the 19 th Century the population of Europe doubled  Despite 60 million Europeans emigrating US Canada South America Australia/New Zealand

Industrial Revolution  1750 to 1850  Starts in England Steam engine Textile production  Rise of factories Mass production Urbanization  Rise of corporations

England’s Industries

Coal Mining in Britain ton of coal50,000 miners tons200,000 miners million tons500,000 miners million tons1,200,000 miners

Young Coal Miners

British Pig Iron Production

Factory Production  Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].  Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].  Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Textile Factory Workers in England ,400 looms 150,000 workers ,000 looms 200,000 workers ,000 looms>1 million workers

The Factory System  Rigid schedule.  hour day.  Dangerous conditions.  Mind-numbing monotony.

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs/Downstairs” Life

The Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Ship

Steam Ships in the Opium War

Steam Locomotive

Impact of the Railroad

Industrial Staffordshire

Percentage of World Manufacturing Output

Nationalism  Unification of Germany  Unification of Italy  Expansion of Russia  Western economic control of Africa, Latin America and Asia

Unification of Italy

Unification of Germany

Expansion of Russia

Colonialism

Political Shifts  Democracy Extension of the vote to the working class Suffrage movement  Socialism Based on work of Marx and Engels

Suffrage  Emmeline Pankhurst  Women’s Party in 1917: Equal pay for equal work. Equal marriage & divorce laws. A national system of maternity benefits.

Representation of the People Act (1918)  Women over 30 got the right to vote.  All men gained suffrage.

The Socialists: Utopians and Marxists  The people operate and own the means of production, not individuals.  Goal - society benefits everyone, not just the rich.  Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Realism  Response to the social and economic consequences of industrialism  Objective and un-idealized  Socially conscious to issues of class and gender

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851

Paris Exposition 1889  World’s Fair held in honor of the French Revolution Centennial.  The Eiffel Tower, completed in 1889, served as the entrance to the Fair.

Paris Exposition 1889 Gallery of Machinery