Chapter 14: Kinesiology

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Anatomical Planes Movements and descriptions of the body use anatomical planes as references. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomical Plane Definitions Coronal (Frontal): A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions Sagittal (Lateral): A vertical plane running from front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomical Plane Definitions (cont.) Axial (Transverse): A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions (see text Figure 14-12) Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Terms Medial is toward the midline; lateral is away from the midline Proximal refers to nearest to the trunk; distal is farthest away from the trunk Inferior means below; superior means above Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Directional Terms (cont.) Cephalad or cranial means toward the head; caudad or caudal is toward the tailbone Anterior is toward the front; posterior is toward the back Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Articular System A series of joints that allow movement of the human body Joints provide two main functions: motion and stability There are three classifications: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Synarthroses A joint that lacks a synovial cavity and is held closely together by fibrous connective tissue An immovable joint Three structural types: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Amphiarthroses Type of joint in which bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage A slightly movable joint Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diarthroses A type of joint that connects bones by hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity Freely movable joints Six different types: pivot, gliding, hinge, condyloid, ball-and-socket, and saddle Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Movements of Diarthroses Ranges of motion vary from a single direction to complete motion in three dimensions. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Flexion and Extension Flexion decreases and extension increases the angle between bones. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Abduction and Adduction With abduction, a limb moves away from the midline. Moving a limb toward the midline is called adduction. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rotation Rotation describes bones that turn around their axes, either toward, away from, or around the midline. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Circumduction With circumduction, an entire limb or portion of a limb moves in a circle around an axis. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Supination and Pronation Supination is the turning of the palm upward; pronation turns the palm downward. The foot performs similar movements, but not as completely. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion The foot is extended with toes pointing downward in plantar flexion. The foot is flexed with the toes upward toward the lower leg in dorsiflexion. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Inversion and Eversion With inversion, the sole of the foot is turned inward; eversion turns it outward. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Protraction and Retraction Protraction refers to moving a body part forward, and retraction backward, within a transverse plane. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Elevation and Depression Elevation is lifting a body part upward, and depression is moving a body part downward, along a frontal plane. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Opposition Opposition describes movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers. Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.