Chemical Bonding

Matter and Mass  Anything that a mass and takes up space has matter.  The mass of an object is how much matter you have.  Mass is different than weight. Your mass at one particular moment does not change based on location. Weight is due to gravity and changes.

Atoms  An atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a nucleus and electron cloud.  An element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its number of protons  The atomic number of an element is the number of protons found inside the nucleus of an element

Structure of an atom  The nucleus is a dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of the atom  Proton are positive particles  Neutron are neutral particles  Electrons are very small negative particles found in the electron cloud. They are placed into orbitals.

Mass of an Atom  When the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element is massed, it is the mass number.  Some atoms of the same element have a different number of neutrons, therefore having a different mass. (Ex: C 12 and C 14 ) This type of atom is called an isotope.

Bonding  A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances consisting of two or more atoms. Each has a completed orbital.  A compound is a pure chemical substance that is composed of two or more different chemical elements. Ex: H 2 O

Covalent Bond  A bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons to have a completed outer shell. The finished product is electrically neutral.  Covalent bonds form molecules.

Ionic Bond  One atom gives away one or two electrons to have a full outer shell and becomes a positive ion, cation.  A second atom receives one or two electrons to fill the outer shell and becomes a negative ion, anion.  The two ions are now electrically attracted.