Annotated Bibliography

The Process 1. Find a topic 2. Compose a research question 3. Find sources 4. Create citations for those sources 5. Create annotations for those sources 6. Submit a rough draft of your Annotated Bibliography 7. Turn in a final draft of your Annotated Bibliography

Keeping Your Research Organized Keep a folder (electronic or hard) labeled “ENC1101 Research” Keep a folder (electronic or hard) labeled “ENC1101 Research” Within that collect copies of all the articles and books, etc. that you think may be useful for your argumentative essay Within that collect copies of all the articles and books, etc. that you think may be useful for your argumentative essay You want to find sources that are biased as well as those that are objective You want to find sources that are biased as well as those that are objective You want sources that offer differing perspectives on your research question You want sources that offer differing perspectives on your research question You want to find popular and scholarly sources You want to find popular and scholarly sources You want to use at least one primary source You want to use at least one primary source (an interview, survey, or observation)

Keeping Your Research Organized As you read each source, take notes on the information you are looking to summarize in the annotation: As you read each source, take notes on the information you are looking to summarize in the annotation: –What kind of source it is (article from a journal, book, DVD, etc.) –What type of source it is (scholarly or popular) –The perspective(s) on your research question it discusses –The credibility of the author and the publication –The main idea or claim of the source (will depend on if source is biased or not)  The logic of the source: –support for the main idea, claim, or perspective(s) –Evidence used for the perspective(s) –Assumptions made about your issue –Words or phrases that indicate bias or objectivity or too much reliance on emotion –How useful this source might be for you in building an argument

Sources: Types of Publications * Remember you have to identify in your annotation what type of source it is: scholarly or popular Scholarly Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed The author’s tone is more objective The author’s tone is more objective More jargon/technical terms More jargon/technical terms Authors are experts in that field Authors are experts in that field More research is included More research is included Citations obvious Citations obvious Usually lots of text / not many pictures Usually lots of text / not many picturesPopular Editor publishes Editor publishes May be more subjective May be more subjective Laymen’s terms/everyday words used Laymen’s terms/everyday words used Authors are often reporters Authors are often reporters Often little research Often little research Citation method often unclear Citation method often unclear Often has pictures/graphs Often has pictures/graphs

The Credibility of the Source Credibility or ethos: The author and publication’s credibility Credibility or ethos: The author and publication’s credibility –How much do you trust the source? –What credentials or experience does the source have regarding this issue? –Is the figure well-known? –Is there any reason you shouldn’t trust the author or publication?

Emotional Appeal Does the author use emotional reasoning? Does the author use emotional reasoning? If so, what emotions does he/she rely on? If so, what emotions does he/she rely on? Does the author responsibly use emotional appeals or does the writer try to overly rely on them? Does the author responsibly use emotional appeals or does the writer try to overly rely on them?

Logos Part of evaluating logic involves analyzing the reasoning of an argument Part of evaluating logic involves analyzing the reasoning of an argument Logos provides an overall framework of which ethos and pathos are a part Logos provides an overall framework of which ethos and pathos are a part Although logos may not inspire people as much as ethos and pathos it often keeps people from acting rashly or foolishly Although logos may not inspire people as much as ethos and pathos it often keeps people from acting rashly or foolishly

Parts of an argument Claim: Central argument (p. 141) Claim: Central argument (p. 141) Grounds: Support for argument in the form of reasons Grounds: Support for argument in the form of reasons Evidence: examples, authorities’ statements, statistics, facts, theoretical examples Evidence: examples, authorities’ statements, statistics, facts, theoretical examples Assumptions: belief that connects the claim and grounds Assumptions: belief that connects the claim and grounds

Reasons Reasons are statements that can be factual or opinionated Reasons are statements that can be factual or opinionated –Claim: You should wear a heavy coat today –Reason: Because it is snowing. –Assumption: ?

Assumptions Claims Claims Reasons Reasons Assumptions Assumptions Arguments, even with clear claims and reasons, often don’t make much sense without assumptions Arguments, even with clear claims and reasons, often don’t make much sense without assumptions They are the glue that hold the reasons to the claim They are the glue that hold the reasons to the claim They are sometimes explicitly stated but more often implied They are sometimes explicitly stated but more often implied

Identifying Assumptions Claim: Bill Clinton was a good president. Reason: He was skilled at foreign policy. Assumption: Any president who is skilled at foreign policy is a good president.

Identifying Assumptions Claim: You should visit Paris. Claim: You should visit Paris. Reason: They have the world’s best art museums. Reason: They have the world’s best art museums. Assumption: You should visit a place that has the best art museums. Assumption: You should visit a place that has the best art museums.

Assumptions (a.k.a. “warrants”) refer to the values and beliefs people hold (a.k.a. “warrants”) refer to the values and beliefs people hold Are opinions, not facts Are opinions, not facts Are shaped by our family, culture, education, region, friends, ideas, etc. Are shaped by our family, culture, education, region, friends, ideas, etc.

Practice Practice identifying the claim, reason, and assumption(s) behind a source Practice identifying the claim, reason, and assumption(s) behind a source